Timothy

Scientific Name: Phleum pratense L.


Classification: Plantae/ Tracheobionta / Spermatophyta / Magnoliophyta / Liliopsida / Commelinidae / Cyperales / Poaceae / Gramineae / Phleum L./ Phleum pratense L.

Timothy
General Information
Usda SymbolPHPR3
GroupMonocot
Life CyclePerennial
Growth HabitsGraminoid
Native LocationsPHPR3

Plant Guide

Alternate Names

Herd grass, herd’s grass, meadow cat's-tail, Phleum nodosum , Use soil moisture sensors to measure the soil moisture of Timothy.

Uses

Livestock: Timothy is preferred by cattle and horses, and timothy hay is a premium feed for horses. Sheep utilize timothy during the summer in mountainous areas. Timothy is used for pasture and silage, but mostly for hay. It is palatable and nutritious. It makes a first rate companion grass with alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, or clover species as it is one of the grasses least competitive with legumes. Erosion control: Timothy can be used with legumes and/or other grasses in seed mixtures for cover, filter strips, herbaceous buffers, waterways, and other critical area applications. It can also be used for erosion control on cut- or burned-over forestland. Keep in mind that timothy is shallow-rooted and thus should not be considered the primary species for erosion control plantings. Wildlife: Timothy is commonly found in wildlife seed mixtures for nesting, brood rearing, and escape cover.

Status

Consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status (e.g. threatened or endangered species, state noxious status, and wetland indicator values).

Weediness

Timothy is a relatively short-lived, introduced perennial grass that grows in stools or clumps. It spreads via seed distribution. It is not considered a "weedy" or invasive species, but can spread into adjoining vegetative communities under ideal climatic and environmental conditions. It is known to coexist with native plants. On favorable sites where it is best adapted, it can exist as a monoculture. There is no documentation that it crosses with native species. It is considered a weed in seed lots in the eastern states of Delaware, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia. Consult with your local NRCS Field Office, Cooperative Extension Service office, state natural resource, or state agriculture department regarding its status and use. Weed information is also available from the PLANTS Web site at http://plants.usda.gov/. Consult the Related Web Sites on the Plant Profile for this species for further information.

Description

General: Grass family (Poaceae). Timothy is a relatively short-lived, cool-season, introduced perennial grass that grows in stools or clumps. It has a shallow, compact, and fibrous root system. It grows in erect culms 50 to 100 cm (20 to 40 in) tall. Leaves vary in length from a few inches to more than a foot and are about 0.6 cm (0.25 in) wide, narrowing gently toward the tip.

http://plants.usda.gov/� Seedheads are spike-like and dense, from 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) in length and 0.6 cm (0.25 in) in diameter. The sheath is split and hairless with overlapping margins. Timothy is different from most grasses in that one or occasionally two of the basal internodes of the stem swell into a bulb-like growth called a “haplacorm”. This characteristic is often used for identification of the plant during its early stages of growth. Timothy resembles the “native” alpine timothy (P. alpinum) to some extent. Alpine timothy is usually found in alpine meadows and bogs and occasionally at medium elevations along the west coast. Alpine timothy usually flowers in late July to early August in the mountains. The seedheads of alpine timothy are much shorter and the plant is also shorter in stature than timothy. Timothy is also confused with meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis) and creeping foxtail (A. arundinaceus). Meadow and creeping foxtail have short twisted awns giving the inflorescence a somewhat fuzzy appearance. Timothy is awnless. Additionally, cured seed heads of creeping foxtail have a dark to somewhat black appearance, while cured seed heads of timothy are tan to buff colored. Alpine timothy Timothy Creeping foxtail Differences in seedhead morphology between alpine timothy, timothy, and creeping foxtail. Ben Zamora, Oregon State University, Range PlantLeaflet No. 47. Seed head examples are not to scale. Seed is very small and usually remains enclosed in the glumes. There are approximately 1,230,000 seeds per pound. Timothy seed. Steve Hurst. Provided by ARS Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory. Distribution: Timothy is distributed throughout the entire United States; however, it grows best in the northern half of the nation and along mountain chains further south. Agricultural use of timothy in the U.S. occurs primarily in the Northwest, upper Midwest, and Northeast. For a current distribution map, consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Website. Habitat: Timothy can be found growing in waterways, dry to wet meadows and other mesic environments. It is commonly found volunteering in canals and roadside borrow ditches.

Adaptation

Timothy is an introduced bunchgrass adapted to cool, humid areas and to high elevations. It performs well, with moderate to high yields, on wet fertile lands. It is adapted to irrigation and areas with effective annual precipitation of at least 45 cm (18 in). It prefers finer textured soils, such as clays to clay loams to loams and is adapted to soils with a pH of 5.5 to 7.0. It is tolerant of partially shaded conditions. Timothy is very winter-hardy. It exhibits tolerance to both cold temperature, and ice encasement, a major factor affecting winter survival. It is not well adapted to wet, flat land where water stands for extended periods of time, though it can withstand somewhat poorly-drained soils. It does not tolerate drought or prolonged high temperatures and it does not tolerate alkaline conditions. Timothy is compatible in mixes with legumes. It establishes cover quickly, volunteers readily on preferred sites, is late maturing, and is very palatable early in the growing season (jointing stage) and only moderately palatable later in the growing season (post seedhead development). Timothy hay is a premium feed for horses and is compatible in legume mixes. Severe damage can result from early grazing under wet conditions. It regrows very slowly following grazing or haying. Other recommended sites include cool, moist meadows and open forests. Timothy establishes quickly and volunteers readily on preferred sites. It invades wet areas along ditches, canals, drains, and streams and can be a weed in these areas.

Establishment

Timothy is usually seeded in mixtures with legumes. This mixture may be planted with a small grain. If planted with a winter grain, the timothy is seeded with the grain in the fall, and the legume is planted early the following spring. Seeding depth of timothy should be about 0.3 to 1.3 cm (0.125 to 0.5 in). A firm, weed-free seedbed is a key to a successful planting. Common seeding rates are 3 to 6 pounds per acre when seeded alone and 1 to 3 pounds per acre when seeded in mixtures. The average number of seeds per square foot at 1 lb. seeding rate is 28 seeds. Seeding rates should be doubled if seed is broadcast planted.

Management

Timothy is a short-lived, shallow-rooted, introduced, perennial bunchgrass. In spring, the crowns form swollen, bulblike internodes that store energy. Close grazing and trampling during moist conditions can damage these internodes and severely reduce stands. Timothy should be grazed before the jointing stage and hayed before seed heads have emerged from boot to early bloom stage. Begin grazing during the vegetative stage, after grass has reached at least 15 cm (6 in) in height. A 10 cm (4 in) stubble height should remain following grazing. It regrows slowly following grazing or haying. A 28 to 35 day recovery period between grazing or haying cycles is recommended. Timothy is highly responsive to fertilizers, which should be applied frequently based in accordance with soil tests. Fertilizer, especially nitrogen, is important when legumes such as clover species have almost disappeared from the hay or pasture mixture. Timothy stands become weak under close and continuous grazing. A fundamental reason for the decline of timothy under poor grazing practices is injury to the bulblets (haplacorm). These bulblets form in the spring at the same time the stem elongates. Food reserves are stored in the bulblets, and they may be destroyed through trampling by grazing animals in the spring. Timothy can be initially grazed before jointing and again between early head to full head. Second and successive grazing periods should occur before jointing and when basal sprouts appear at the soil surface. After the second grazing period, plants usually do not joint; therefore, sprouts are the primary grazing guide. Timothy should be cut for hay or silage from boot stage to early head or flowering stage. Make successive harvests for hay and silage when basal sprouts appear at the soil surface. Sterile seed-heads may be 38 to 50 cm (15 to 20 in) up the stems when sprouts appear at the time of second cutting. Growing points stay below ground level after the second cutting. Graze or cut to heights of 10 cm (4 in) or more.

Pests and Potential Problems

Stem rust is a disease that can cause loss of vigor and forage quality to timothy. Rust-resistant varieties have been developed to control this disease. Purple eyespot (Cladosporium phlei) and leaf streak (Drechslera phlei) are diseases commonly found across western Canada. Timothy is also damaged by brown leaf blight and grasshoppers. New fields are also susceptible to wireworm or cutworms. European skipper larvae (a bright orange butterfly) are a pest of timothy in eastern Canada.

Seed Production

Seed production fields should be soil tested before planting to determine soil nutrient levels and fertilizer needs. Seed should be drilled or broadcast into a weed free, firm seedbed. The optimum seeding depth is 0.3 to 1.3 cm (0.125 to 0.5 in). The drill seeding rate of 1 to 2 pounds PLS per acre in 45 to 60 cm (18 to 24 in) rows provides a good stand. Wider row spacing may be beneficial to seed production in dry climates. Under irrigated conditions, seed yields average 450 to 670 kg/ha (400 to 500 lb/ac). Seed production under dryland conditions is not recommended in the western United States. In the eastern United States, seed production yields of 336 to 450 kg/ha (300 to 400 lb/ac) can be expected. Timothy shatters readily but should not be swathed too soon. It is usually ready to swath when 5 to 10 percent of the seed have shattered (late July to early August). The seedheads will have a tan color and the stems and leaves will be a golden color. Swathing early in the morning will help reduce seed shatter. Allow 5 to 14 days of drying before combining. Cultivars, Improved, and Selected Materials (and area of origin) Most of the timothy grown in the U.S. is common timothy. Improved cultivars and places of development are: ‘Essex’ and ‘Cornell 1777’ (New York); ‘Lorain’ and ‘Marietta’ (Ohio); ‘Itasca’ (Minnesota); ‘Clair’ (Kentucky), and ‘Verdant’ (Wisconsin). Canadian releases are ‘Bounty’, ‘Climax’, ‘Drummond’, ‘Medon’, ‘Milton’, ‘Paton’, and ‘Swallow’. Common timothy and most cultivars can be readily obtained from commercial sources. There are many proprietary timothy varieties grown under contract for seed companies.

Fact Sheet

Uses

Livestock: Timothy is used for pasture (although other cool-season grasses are preferred) and silage, but mostly for hay. It is palatable and nutritious. It makes a first rate companion grass for alfalfa, trefoil, or clover as it is the grass least competitive with legumes. Erosion control: Timothy can be used with legumes and/or other grasses in a mix for cover purposes, filter strips, waterways, and other critical area applications. Wildlife: Timothy is commonly found in wildlife mixtures for nesting, brood cover, and escape.

Status

Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status (e,g, threatened or endangered species, state noxious status, and wetland indicator values), , Use soil moisture sensors to measure the soil moisture of Timothy.

Description

Phleum pratense L., timothy, is a relatively short-lived, cool-season perennial that grows in stools or clumps and has a shallow, compact, and fibrous root system. It grows in erect culms 20 to 40 inches tall. Leaves vary in length from a few inches to a foot and are about 1/4 inch wide, narrowing gently toward the tip. Heads are spike-like and dense, from 2 to 6 inches in length. Seed is very small and usually remains enclosed in the glumes. There are approximately 1,230,000 seeds per pound. Timothy is different from most other grasses in that 1 or occasionally 2 of the basal internodes of the stem swell into a bulb-like growth. This characteristic is often used for identification of the plant during its early stages of growth.

Adaptation and Distribution

Distribution

Distribution

Timothy is adapted to a cool and humid climate. Timothy thrives best on rich, moist bottomlands and on finer textured soils, such as clay loams. It does not do well on coarser soils. It prefers a pH of 5.5 to 7.0. Timothy will grow for a time on soils low in fertility, but it is better adapted to a high fertility soil. It is not well adapted to wet, flat land where water stands for any considerable time, though it can withstand somewhat poorly-drained soils. Under limited moisture conditions, it makes a poor recovery and it does not tolerate drought or prolonged high temperatures. James R. Johnson USDA NRCS 1992 Western Wetland Flora @ USDA NRCS PLANTS Timothy is distributed throughout the entire United States. For a current distribution map, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Website.

Establishment

Timothy is usually seeded in mixtures with legumes. This mixture may be drilled with a small grain. If planted with a winter grain, the timothy is seeded with it, and the legume is planted early the following spring. Seeding depth of timothy should be 1/2 inch. A firm, weed-free seedbed is a key to a successful planting. Common seeding rates are 8 to 10 pounds per acre when seeded alone and 4 to 6 pounds per acre when seeded in mixtures.

Management

Timothy is highly responsive to fertilizers, which should be applied frequently in ample quantities. Fertilizer, especially nitrogen, is important when legumes have almost disappeared from the hay or pasture mixture. Timothy stands become weak under close and continuous grazing. A fundamental reason for the decline of timothy under poor grazing practices is injury to the bulblets. These bulblets form in the spring at the same time the stem elongates. Food material is stored in them, and they may be destroyed by trampling of grazing animals. Timothy can be initially grazed before jointing and again between early head to full head. Second and successive grazing should also occur before jointing and when basal sprouts appear at the soil surface. After the second grazing, plants usually do not joint; therefore, sprouts are primary guides. Timothy should be cut for hay or silage from early to full head. Make successive harvests for hay and silage when basal sprouts appear at the soil surface. Sterile seed-heads may be 15 to 20 inches up the stems when sprouts appear at the time of second cutting. Growing points stay below the ground line after a second cutting. Graze or cut to heights of 3 inches or more.

Pests and Potential Problems

Stem rust is a disease that can cause loss of vigor and forage quality to timothy. Rust-resistant varieties have been developed to control this disease. Cultivars, Improved, and Selected Materials (and area of origin) Most of the timothy grown in the Northeast U.S. is unimproved common timothy. Improved cultivars and places of development are: ‘Essex’ and ‘Cornell 1777’ (New York); ‘Lorain’ and ‘Marietta’ (Ohio); ‘Itasca’ (Minnesota); and ‘Clair’ (Kentucky). Canadian developments are ‘Climax’, ‘Drummond’, ‘Medon’, and ‘Paton’. Common timothy and most cultivars can be readily obtained from commercial sources.

Plant Traits

Growth Requirements

Drought ToleranceLow
Fertility RequirementHigh
Fertility RequirementHigh
Fertility RequirementHigh
Drought ToleranceLow
Drought ToleranceLow
Drought ToleranceLow
Drought ToleranceLow
Drought ToleranceLow
Drought ToleranceLow
Fertility RequirementHigh
Drought ToleranceLow
Cold Stratification RequiredYes
Cold Stratification RequiredYes
Cold Stratification RequiredNo
Cold Stratification RequiredNo
Cold Stratification RequiredNo
Cold Stratification RequiredNo
Cold Stratification RequiredNo
Cold Stratification RequiredNo
Fire ToleranceMedium
Frost Free Days, Minimum95
Frost Free Days, Minimum90
Frost Free Days, Minimum90
Frost Free Days, Minimum90
Frost Free Days, Minimum90
Frost Free Days, Minimum126
Frost Free Days, Minimum120
Frost Free Days, Minimum100
Fire ToleranceMedium
CaCO3 ToleranceLow
Fire ToleranceMedium
Fire ToleranceMedium
Fire ToleranceHigh
Fire ToleranceHigh
Fire ToleranceHigh
Fertility RequirementMedium
Fertility RequirementMedium
Fertility RequirementMedium
Fertility RequirementHigh
Adapted to Fine Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Medium Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Medium Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Medium Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Fine Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Fine Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Fine Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Fine Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Fine Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Fine Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Medium Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Fine Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Coarse Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Coarse Textured SoilsNo
Adapted to Coarse Textured SoilsNo
Adapted to Coarse Textured SoilsNo
Adapted to Coarse Textured SoilsNo
Adapted to Coarse Textured SoilsNo
Adapted to Coarse Textured SoilsNo
Adapted to Coarse Textured SoilsNo
Anaerobic ToleranceLow
CaCO3 ToleranceHigh
CaCO3 ToleranceHigh
CaCO3 ToleranceHigh
CaCO3 ToleranceHigh
CaCO3 ToleranceHigh
CaCO3 ToleranceHigh
CaCO3 ToleranceHigh
Anaerobic ToleranceNone
Anaerobic ToleranceLow
Temperature, Minimum (°F)-43
Anaerobic ToleranceLow
Anaerobic ToleranceLow
Anaerobic ToleranceLow
Anaerobic ToleranceLow
Anaerobic ToleranceLow
Adapted to Medium Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Medium Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Medium Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Medium Textured SoilsYes
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)10
Salinity ToleranceLow
Salinity ToleranceLow
Salinity ToleranceLow
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)10
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)10
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)10
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)10
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)10
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)10
Salinity ToleranceLow
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)10
Precipitation, Minimum35
Precipitation, Minimum35
Precipitation, Minimum32
Precipitation, Minimum32
Precipitation, Minimum32
Precipitation, Minimum30
Precipitation, Minimum30
Precipitation, Minimum24
Shade ToleranceIntolerant
Temperature, Minimum (°F)-43
Temperature, Minimum (°F)-38
Temperature, Minimum (°F)-38
Temperature, Minimum (°F)-38
Temperature, Minimum (°F)-33
Temperature, Minimum (°F)-33
Temperature, Minimum (°F)-33
Shade ToleranceIntolerant
Shade ToleranceIntolerant
Hedge ToleranceNone
Shade ToleranceIntolerant
Shade ToleranceIntolerant
Shade ToleranceIntolerant
Shade ToleranceIntermediate
Shade ToleranceIntermediate
Salinity ToleranceLow
Salinity ToleranceLow
Salinity ToleranceLow
Salinity ToleranceLow
Moisture UseMedium
pH, Maximum8.4
pH, Maximum7.8
pH, Maximum7.5
pH, Maximum7.5
Moisture UseMedium
Moisture UseMedium
Moisture UseMedium
Moisture UseMedium
Moisture UseMedium
Precipitation, Maximum65
Moisture UseMedium
Moisture UseMedium
Hedge ToleranceNone
Hedge ToleranceNone
Hedge ToleranceNone
Hedge ToleranceNone
Hedge ToleranceNone
Hedge ToleranceNone
Hedge ToleranceNone
pH, Maximum8.4
pH, Maximum8.4
Precipitation, Maximum65
Precipitation, Maximum55
Precipitation, Maximum55
Precipitation, Maximum50
Precipitation, Maximum50
Precipitation, Maximum50
Precipitation, Maximum45
pH, Minimum5.6
pH, Minimum5.5
pH, Minimum5.5
pH, Minimum5.3
pH, Minimum5.0
pH, Minimum5.0
pH, Minimum5.0
pH, Maximum8.4
pH, Maximum8.4
pH, Minimum5.6


Morphology/Physiology

Shape and OrientationErect
Shape and OrientationErect
Shape and OrientationErect
Shape and OrientationErect
Resprout AbilityNo
Resprout AbilityNo
Resprout AbilityNo
Resprout AbilityNo
Resprout AbilityNo
Resprout AbilityNo
Resprout AbilityNo
Resprout AbilityNo
Shape and OrientationErect
Shape and OrientationErect
Shape and OrientationErect
Shape and OrientationErect
ToxicityNone
ToxicityNone
ToxicityNone
ToxicityNone
ToxicityNone
ToxicityNone
ToxicityNone
ToxicityNone
Active Growth PeriodSpring and Summer
Flower ColorGreen
Flower ConspicuousNo
Flower ConspicuousNo
Flower ConspicuousNo
Flower ConspicuousNo
Flower ColorYellow
Flower ColorYellow
Flower ColorYellow
Flower ColorYellow
Flower ColorYellow
Flower ColorYellow
Flower ColorYellow
Flower ConspicuousNo
Fire ResistantNo
Fire ResistantNo
Fire ResistantNo
Fire ResistantNo
Fire ResistantNo
Fire ResistantNo
Fire ResistantNo
Fire ResistantNo
Fall ConspicuousNo
Fall ConspicuousNo
Foliage ColorYellow-Green
Foliage Porosity WinterPorous
Foliage Porosity WinterPorous
Foliage Porosity WinterPorous
Foliage Porosity SummerModerate
Foliage Porosity SummerModerate
Foliage Porosity SummerModerate
Foliage Porosity SummerDense
Foliage Porosity SummerDense
Foliage Porosity SummerDense
Foliage Porosity SummerDense
Foliage Porosity SummerDense
Fall ConspicuousNo
Foliage ColorGreen
Foliage ColorGreen
Foliage ColorGreen
Foliage ColorGreen
Foliage ColorGreen
Foliage ColorGreen
Foliage ColorGreen
Flower ConspicuousNo
Flower ConspicuousNo
Flower ConspicuousNo
After Harvest Regrowth RateModerate
BloatNone
BloatNone
BloatNone
BloatNone
BloatNone
BloatNone
After Harvest Regrowth RateRapid
After Harvest Regrowth RateRapid
After Harvest Regrowth RateRapid
After Harvest Regrowth RateRapid
After Harvest Regrowth RateRapid
BloatNone
After Harvest Regrowth RateModerate
After Harvest Regrowth RateModerate
Active Growth PeriodSpring and Summer
Active Growth PeriodSpring and Summer
Active Growth PeriodSpring and Summer
Active Growth PeriodSpring and Summer
Active Growth PeriodSpring and Summer
Active Growth PeriodSpring and Summer
Active Growth PeriodSpring and Summer
Nitrogen FixationNone
Coppice PotentialNo
Fall ConspicuousNo
Fall ConspicuousNo
Fall ConspicuousNo
Fall ConspicuousNo
Fall ConspicuousNo
Coppice PotentialNo
Coppice PotentialNo
Coppice PotentialNo
Coppice PotentialNo
Coppice PotentialNo
Coppice PotentialNo
Nitrogen FixationNone
Coppice PotentialNo
C:N RatioMedium
C:N RatioLow
C:N RatioLow
C:N RatioLow
C:N RatioLow
C:N RatioLow
C:N RatioLow
C:N RatioLow
BloatNone
Known AllelopathYes
Leaf RetentionNo
Leaf RetentionNo
Leaf RetentionNo
Leaf RetentionNo
Leaf RetentionNo
Leaf RetentionNo
Leaf RetentionNo
Known AllelopathYes
Known AllelopathYes
Known AllelopathYes
Known AllelopathYes
Leaf RetentionNo
Known AllelopathYes
Known AllelopathYes
Known AllelopathYes
Height, Mature (feet)3.0
Height, Mature (feet)3.0
Height, Mature (feet)2.6
Height, Mature (feet)2.5
Height, Mature (feet)2.5
Height, Mature (feet)2.5
Height, Mature (feet)2.3
Low Growing GrassNo
Nitrogen FixationNone
Nitrogen FixationNone
Nitrogen FixationNone
Nitrogen FixationNone
Nitrogen FixationNone
Nitrogen FixationNone
Low Growing GrassNo
Low Growing GrassNo
Low Growing GrassNo
Low Growing GrassNo
Low Growing GrassNo
Foliage Porosity WinterPorous
Low Growing GrassNo
Low Growing GrassNo
LifespanModerate
LifespanModerate
LifespanModerate
LifespanModerate
LifespanModerate
LifespanModerate
LifespanModerate
LifespanModerate
Foliage TextureMedium
Fruit/Seed ConspicuousNo
Fruit/Seed ColorBrown
Fruit/Seed ColorBrown
Fruit/Seed ColorBrown
Fruit/Seed ColorBrown
Fruit/Seed ColorBrown
Fruit/Seed ColorBrown
Fruit/Seed ColorBrown
Fruit/Seed ColorBrown
Foliage TextureMedium
Foliage TextureMedium
Growth RateRapid
Foliage TextureFine
Foliage TextureFine
Foliage TextureFine
Foliage TextureFine
Foliage TextureFine
Foliage Porosity WinterPorous
Foliage Porosity WinterPorous
Foliage Porosity WinterPorous
Foliage Porosity WinterPorous
Height, Mature (feet)2.2
Fruit/Seed ConspicuousNo
Fruit/Seed ConspicuousNo
Growth RateRapid
Growth RateRapid
Growth RateRapid
Growth RateRapid
Growth RateRapid
Growth RateRapid
Growth RateModerate
Growth FormBunch
Growth FormBunch
Growth FormBunch
Growth FormBunch
Growth FormBunch
Fruit/Seed ConspicuousNo
Fruit/Seed ConspicuousNo
Fruit/Seed ConspicuousNo
Fruit/Seed ConspicuousNo
Fruit/Seed ConspicuousNo
Growth FormBunch
Growth FormBunch
Growth FormBunch


Reproduction

Propagated by SodNo
Propagated by SodNo
Propagated by SodNo
Propagated by SprigsNo
Propagated by SprigsNo
Propagated by SprigsNo
Propagated by SprigsNo
Propagated by SprigsNo
Propagated by SprigsNo
Propagated by SprigsNo
Propagated by SprigsNo
Propagated by TubersNo
Propagated by TubersNo
Propagated by TubersNo
Propagated by TubersNo
Propagated by TubersNo
Propagated by TubersNo
Propagated by TubersNo
Propagated by TubersNo
Fruit/Seed PersistenceNo
Propagated by SeedYes
Propagated by CuttingsNo
Propagated by CuttingsNo
Propagated by CuttingsNo
Propagated by CuttingsNo
Propagated by CuttingsNo
Propagated by CuttingsNo
Propagated by CuttingsNo
Propagated by SeedYes
Propagated by SeedYes
Propagated by SodNo
Propagated by SeedYes
Propagated by SeedYes
Propagated by SeedYes
Propagated by SeedYes
Propagated by SeedYes
Propagated by SodNo
Propagated by SodNo
Propagated by SodNo
Propagated by SodNo
Small GrainNo
Seedling VigorMedium
Seedling VigorMedium
Seedling VigorMedium
Small GrainNo
Small GrainNo
Small GrainNo
Small GrainNo
Small GrainNo
Small GrainNo
Seedling VigorMedium
Small GrainNo
Vegetative Spread RateNone
Vegetative Spread RateNone
Vegetative Spread RateNone
Vegetative Spread RateNone
Vegetative Spread RateNone
Vegetative Spread RateNone
Vegetative Spread RateNone
Vegetative Spread RateNone
Seed Spread RateSlow
Seed per Pound1163200
Seed per Pound1163200
Seed per Pound1163200
Seed per Pound1163200
Seed per Pound1163200
Seed per Pound1163200
Seed per Pound1163200
Seed Spread RateSlow
Seed Spread RateSlow
Seed per Pound1163200
Seed Spread RateSlow
Seed Spread RateSlow
Seed Spread RateSlow
Seed Spread RateSlow
Seed Spread RateSlow
Seedling VigorHigh
Seedling VigorHigh
Seedling VigorMedium
Seedling VigorMedium
Fruit/Seed Period BeginSummer
Fruit/Seed AbundanceHigh
Fruit/Seed AbundanceHigh
Fruit/Seed AbundanceHigh
Fruit/Seed AbundanceHigh
Fruit/Seed AbundanceMedium
Fruit/Seed Period BeginSpring
Fruit/Seed Period BeginSpring
Fruit/Seed Period BeginSpring
Fruit/Seed Period BeginSpring
Fruit/Seed Period BeginSummer
Fruit/Seed AbundanceHigh
Fruit/Seed Period BeginSummer
Fruit/Seed Period BeginSummer
Fruit/Seed Period EndSummer
Fruit/Seed Period EndSummer
Fruit/Seed Period EndSummer
Fruit/Seed Period EndSummer
Fruit/Seed Period EndSummer
Fruit/Seed Period EndSummer
Fruit/Seed Period EndSummer
Commercial AvailabilityRoutinely Available
Propagated by CuttingsNo
Bloom PeriodEarly Spring
Bloom PeriodLate Spring
Bloom PeriodLate Spring
Bloom PeriodLate Spring
Bloom PeriodLate Spring
Bloom PeriodLate Spring
Bloom PeriodLate Spring
Bloom PeriodMid Spring
Propagated by CormNo
Commercial AvailabilityRoutinely Available
Commercial AvailabilityRoutinely Available
Commercial AvailabilityRoutinely Available
Commercial AvailabilityRoutinely Available
Commercial AvailabilityRoutinely Available
Commercial AvailabilityRoutinely Available
Commercial AvailabilityRoutinely Available
Fruit/Seed AbundanceHigh
Fruit/Seed AbundanceHigh
Propagated by ContainerNo
Propagated by BulbNo
Propagated by BulbNo
Propagated by BulbNo
Propagated by ContainerNo
Propagated by ContainerNo
Propagated by ContainerNo
Propagated by ContainerNo
Propagated by ContainerNo
Propagated by ContainerNo
Fruit/Seed PersistenceNo
Propagated by ContainerNo
Propagated by CormNo
Propagated by CormNo
Propagated by CormNo
Propagated by CormNo
Propagated by CormNo
Propagated by CormNo
Propagated by CormNo
Fruit/Seed Period EndSummer
Propagated by BulbNo
Propagated by BulbNo
Fruit/Seed PersistenceNo
Fruit/Seed PersistenceNo
Fruit/Seed PersistenceNo
Fruit/Seed PersistenceNo
Fruit/Seed PersistenceNo
Fruit/Seed PersistenceNo
Propagated by Bare RootNo
Propagated by Bare RootNo
Propagated by Bare RootNo
Propagated by Bare RootNo
Propagated by Bare RootNo
Propagated by Bare RootNo
Propagated by Bare RootNo
Propagated by BulbNo
Propagated by BulbNo
Propagated by BulbNo
Propagated by Bare RootNo


Suitability/Use

Palatable HumanNo
Palatable HumanNo
Palatable HumanNo
Palatable HumanNo
Palatable HumanNo
Palatable HumanNo
Palatable HumanNo
Post ProductNo
Post ProductNo
Post ProductNo
Post ProductNo
Post ProductNo
Post ProductNo
Palatable HumanNo
Palatable Graze AnimalHigh
Palatable Graze AnimalHigh
Palatable Graze AnimalHigh
Palatable Graze AnimalHigh
Palatable Graze AnimalHigh
Palatable Graze AnimalHigh
Palatable Graze AnimalHigh
Palatable Graze AnimalHigh
Palatable Browse AnimalHigh
Palatable Browse AnimalHigh
Palatable Browse AnimalHigh
Palatable Browse AnimalHigh
Pulpwood ProductNo
Veneer ProductNo
Veneer ProductNo
Veneer ProductNo
Veneer ProductNo
Veneer ProductNo
Veneer ProductNo
Veneer ProductNo
Veneer ProductNo
Pulpwood ProductNo
Pulpwood ProductNo
Pulpwood ProductNo
Pulpwood ProductNo
Post ProductNo
Pulpwood ProductNo
Pulpwood ProductNo
Pulpwood ProductNo
Protein PotentialMedium
Protein PotentialMedium
Protein PotentialMedium
Protein PotentialMedium
Protein PotentialMedium
Protein PotentialMedium
Protein PotentialMedium
Protein PotentialMedium
Post ProductNo
Christmas Tree ProductNo
Lumber ProductNo
Fodder ProductYes
Fodder ProductYes
Fodder ProductYes
Fodder ProductYes
Fodder ProductYes
Fodder ProductYes
Fodder ProductYes
Fodder ProductYes
Christmas Tree ProductNo
Christmas Tree ProductNo
Christmas Tree ProductNo
Lumber ProductNo
Christmas Tree ProductNo
Christmas Tree ProductNo
Christmas Tree ProductNo
Christmas Tree ProductNo
Berry/Nut/Seed ProductNo
Berry/Nut/Seed ProductNo
Berry/Nut/Seed ProductNo
Berry/Nut/Seed ProductNo
Berry/Nut/Seed ProductNo
Berry/Nut/Seed ProductNo
Berry/Nut/Seed ProductNo
Berry/Nut/Seed ProductNo
Naval Store ProductNo
Palatable Browse AnimalHigh
Palatable Browse AnimalHigh
Palatable Browse AnimalHigh
Nursery Stock ProductNo
Nursery Stock ProductNo
Nursery Stock ProductNo
Nursery Stock ProductNo
Nursery Stock ProductNo
Nursery Stock ProductNo
Nursery Stock ProductNo
Nursery Stock ProductNo
Naval Store ProductNo
Palatable Browse AnimalHigh
Naval Store ProductNo
Naval Store ProductNo
Naval Store ProductNo
Naval Store ProductNo
Naval Store ProductNo
Naval Store ProductNo
Lumber ProductNo
Lumber ProductNo
Lumber ProductNo
Lumber ProductNo
Lumber ProductNo
Lumber ProductNo

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