Strawberry Clover

Scientific Name: Trifolium fragiferum L.


Classification: Plantae/ Tracheobionta / Spermatophyta / Magnoliophyta / Magnoliopsida / Rosidae / Fabales / Fabaceae / Leguminosae / Trifolium L./ Trifolium fragiferum L.

Strawberry Clover
General Information
Usda SymbolTRFR2
GroupDicot
Life CyclePerennial
Growth HabitsForb/herb
Native LocationsTRFR2

Plant Guide

Alternate Names

Trifolium fragiferum L, ssp, Use soil moisture sensors to measure the soil moisture of Strawberry Clover., Bonannii (C, Presl) Sojak, TRFRB,

Uses

Strawberry clover is mainly used for pasture and in mixtures with grass for hay and silage. It has also been used to a limited extent as groundcover in orchards and vineyards and for green manure cover crop applications. Forage and seeds of strawberry clover are also used by big and small game and upland birds (Stevens and Monsen, 2004).

Status

Consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status (e.g., threatened or endangered species, state noxious status, and wetland indicator values).

Description

General: Pea Family (Fabaceae). Strawberry clover is an introduced perennial low-growing plant with creeping stems that root at the node (stolons) to spread and it also produces seed. It is subglabrous with slender, pointed trifoliate leaves. Leaf veins are distinctive with veins meeting edge of leaf at right angles. Hairs are present on the petioles and underside of the leaflet. Stipules are mostly conspicuous and become gradually narrowed to apex. Seedlings are initially tap-rooted and stolons that initiate from leaf axils form a prostrate plant network. The inflorescence is globular and compact, 10-12 mm (0.03-0.04 in) diameter, with pink or purplish red florets. When seed is ripe, the florets become reddish and resemble strawberries. Flower heads enlarge to a fuzzy reddish ball approximately 2 cm (0.78 in) in diameter when ripe. The pubescent fruiting calyces contain 1-2 heart-shaped seeds that are light brown in color with dark brown flecks. Chromosome number is 2n=2x=16 and is cross-pollinated by bumble bees and honey bees (Frame, 2005). Plant height is 20 to 35 cm (8-14 in). Strawberry clover resembles white clover in stature. Strawberry clover leaf. FAO, Rome, Italy. Used with permission.

Distribution

Strawberry clover is native to the eastern Mediterranean and southern Asia Minor Countries and has been intentionally and inadvertently spread by man to every continent on earth (Hollowell, 1939). It is grown to a limited degree as a pasture plant in moist alkaline and saline soils in the western and northern Great Plains states (McGregor, 1976). For current distribution, consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site.

Adaptation

Strawberry clover is noted for its ability to establish and persist on wet saline and alkaline soils and is adapted to wet meadows, streams and seeps. It is the

http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/�
http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/intranet/pfs.html�
http://npdc.usda.gov/� most saline tolerant clover commercially available. Strawberry clover withstands flooding because the stolons have a tropic response that causes the tips to be elevated above the water level (Stevens and Monsen, 2004). It is adapted to a wide range of soil textures from loam to clay and tolerates soil pH of 5.3-8.2. It is tolerant of flooding for up to 2 months, salinity (up to 3 percent concentration), and short-term drought. It needs at least 25 inches of annual precipitation to thrive but can withstand mean annual precipitation as low as 17 inches and can tolerate mean annual temperatures of 40-50°F. (UC SAREP Online). Strawberry clover is more hardy and tolerant of harsh environmental conditions than white clover.

Establishment

There are approximately 300, 000 seeds per pound (PLANTS Database) and the seeding rate is 4 pounds Pure Live Seed (PLS) per acre. If used as a component of a seeding mix, adjust to percent of mix desired. For grazing situations, strawberry clover should be limited to 1 pound PLS per acre or 25 percent of the total seed mix (Ogle, et.al 2009). Strawberry clover seed requires inoculation in order to fix nitrogen and also requires the special strain of Rhizobia leguminosarum trifolii (Miller, et. al, 2010), (UC SAREP Online). Seedbed should be clean (weed-free) and firm and seed may be drilled to ⅛ - ¼ inch depth and light but firm soil cover or broadcast seeded followed by culti-packing or a light harrowing. On saline soils, a cover crop of barley is recommended to help establish strawberry clover (Frame, 2005). A cover crop to help establish strawberry clover is not recommended for non-saline sites. Planting should take place in late fall (dormant) or in spring. Late summer planting can be successful if there is adequate moisture (may require irrigation) and time for seedlings to establish before cold temperatures. Seed may contain up to 70 percent hard seed, so if seeding during the growing season, seed should be scarified prior to seeding. Dormant fall planting will allow natural seed scarification. Strawberry clover seedlings are easily established and grow rapidly but do not compete well with weeds (Frame, 2005). Successful stands establish from seeding and natural spread and get better over time (Stevens and Monsen, 2004).

Management

Strawberry clover is tolerant of grazing once the plants have developed strong stolons or runners. It is suited to either rotational or set-stocking and heavy grazing pressure. McDonald, 2006) recommends that a 2-4 inch stand be maintained to reduce shading by grasses so that strawberry clover persists. Close grazing (2 inch stubble height) favors clover persistence and light grazing (grass taller than 4 inches) favors grass growth (Ogle, et. al, 2008). The recommended minimum plant height to begin grazing or haying for most clovers is 4 inches and the minimum stubble height to remain at end of grazing or haying is 3 inches (Ogle, et. al, 2008). Strawberry clover can cause bloat in ruminants and increase the incidence of urinary calculi in sheep. These problems can be managed by maintaining a significant component of grass in the pasture. In waterlogged, mildly saline conditions, tall wheatgrass or ‘Newhy’ RS Hybrid wheatgrass are good companion crops and for non-saline, waterlogged conditions, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass and paspalum are suitable companion crops (McDonald, 2006). When seed is properly inoculated at time of planting, strawberry clover will fix nitrogen from N2 in the atmosphere, requiring little or no additional nitrogen fertilizer. However, legumes require relatively large amounts of phosphorus, potassium and sulphur, and will respond to additions of these nutrients as fertilizer when they are not adequately supplied by the soil. In grass-legume mixtures, it is not possible to supply the ideal combinations of elements for both grass and legume. If nitrogen is applied, the grass will tend to increase at the expense of the legume (Ogle, et. al, 2008). Strawberry clover in mixture with grass is highly suitable for hay but care needs to be taken to avoid the loss of the nutritious leaf from the clover during the curing and bailing process (Frame, 2005).

Pests and Potential Problems

Strawberry clover is susceptible to clover rot (Sclerotinia trifoliorum), clover rust (Uromyces spp.) and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) (Frame, 2005), (UC SAREP Online). Based on observations in California, strawberry clover may attract gophers (UC SAREP Online).

Environmental Concerns

Concerns

Concerns

Strawberry clover spreads primarily by stolons and to a lesser degree by seed and can spread into adjoining vegetative communities under ideal climatic and environmental conditions. Contact your local extension specialist or county weed specialist to learn what works best in your area and how to use it safely. Always read label and safety instructions for each control method. Trade names and control measures appear in this document only to provide specific information. USDA NRCS does not guarantee or warranty the products and control methods named, and other products may be equally effective.

Seed Production

For seed production, plant strawberry clover seed at 1 to 3 pounds PLS per acre in 20-24 inch rows. To facilitate seed production and between-row weed control, it is desirable to plant strawberry clover in spaced rows instead of a solid stand. Seed yields in the United States range from 35 – 265 pounds per acre and average 90 pounds per acre (Frame, 2005). Common strawberry clover is reported to be self-fertile but the variety ‘Salina’ is reported to be self-sterile and needs cross pollination. Self pollinated plants are less vigorous. Placing colonies of honey bees near fields will help increase seed yields (Hollowell, 1939), (McGregor, 1976). Seed is usually harvested in July by swathing to allow the seed to complete maturity and dry followed by combining. Fields should be swathed when most seed envelopes are light brown and slightly damp (from dew) to avoid seed loss due to shattering. Vacuum collection of seed has been reported to be possible but not common. Processed seed may have 40-70 percent hard seed but under proper seed storage conditions, seed will remain viable for a long time (UC SAREP Online), (Frame, 2005). Cultivars, Improved, and Selected Materials (and area of origin) ‘Fresa’ strawberry clover was developed and released by the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences at New Mexico State University in 1982. The original collection was from Turkey and was selected for its low growing habit in southern New Mexico. It remains green throughout the year, but shows some dormancy with extremely high or low temperatures (Curtis and Curtis, Inc.). ‘Salina’ was released by the California Agricultural Experiment Station in 1962. It is palatable to all classes of livestock, can tolerate periods of winter flooding and is suitable for poorly drained soils in low-lying areas (Curtis and Curtis, Inc.). ‘Palestine’, ‘Prinsep Park’, ‘O’ Connors’, ‘Grasslands Onward’ and ‘Grasslands Upward’ are strawberry clover releases developed and used in Australia and New Zealand (McDonald, K. 2006). Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge and thank the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for use of the photographs in this plant guide. Photographs were obtained from the FAO Grassland Database: http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/gbase/Defaul t.htm

References

Curtis and Curtis, Inc. Strawberry Clover. [Online]. Available at http:www.curtisseed.com/index.cfm?show=10&mid=11&pid=10 (accessed 23July2010). Frame, J. 2005. Trifolium fragiferum L. [Online]. Available at http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/gbase/data/pf000500.htm (accessed 26July 2010). Hollowell, E.A. 1939. Strawberry Clover. Leaflet No. 176. United States Department of Agriculture. U. S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. McDonald, K. 2006. Strawberry Clover. In: Perennial pastures for Western Australia. Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Bulletin4690, Perth. McGregor, S.E. 1976. Chapter 3: Clover and Some Relatives. In: Insect pollination for Cultivated Crop Plants. [Online]. Available at http://www.beeculture.com/content/pollination_handbook/strawberry.html (accessed 20 July 2010). Miller, R., Kaiser, J., Ogle, D. 2010. Legume Inoculation. USDA-NRCS. IDTN26. Boise, ID Ogle, D., St. John, L., Stannard, M., Holzworth, L. 2009. Grass, grass-like, forb, legume and woody species for the Intermountain West. USDA-NRCS. ID-TN24. Boise, ID Ogle, D., St. John, L., Cornwell, J., Stannard, M., Holzworth, L. 2008. Pasture and

Range

Seedings: Planning – Installation – Evaluation – Management. USDA-NRCS. ID-TN10. Boise, ID PLANTS Database. Conservation Plant Characteristics for Trifolium fragiferum. [Online] Available at http://plants.usda.gov/java/charProfile?symbol=TRFR2 (accessed 20 July 2010). Stevens, R. and S.B. Monsen. 2004. Forbs for Seeding Range and Wildlife Habitats. In: Restoring Western Ranges and Wildlands. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech Rep. RMRS-GTR-136. UC SAREP Online Cover Crop Database. [Online]. Available at Http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/cgi- bin/CCrop.exe/show_crop_38 (accessed 20 July 2010).

Prepared By

Loren St. John, USDA, NRCS, Plant Materials Center, Aberdeen, ID Daniel G. Ogle, USDA, NRCS, Boise, ID Derek Tilley, USDA, NRCS, Plant Materials Center, Aberdeen, ID Citation St. John, L., D.G. Ogle, D. Tilley. 2010. Plant Guide for Strawberry Clover (Trifolium fragiferum). USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Aberdeen, ID Plant Materials Center. Edited: 28July2010 LS; 10August DGO; 28July2010 DT; 20August2010 LS; 5August2010 JB For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District <http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/>, and visit the PLANTS Web site <http://plants.usda.gov> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <http://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov> The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer." Read about Civil Rights at the Natural Resources

Plant Traits

Growth Requirements

CaCO3 ToleranceMedium
Frost Free Days, Minimum180
Frost Free Days, Minimum150
Frost Free Days, Minimum150
Fire ToleranceMedium
Fire ToleranceHigh
Fire ToleranceHigh
Fertility RequirementMedium
Fertility RequirementMedium
Fertility RequirementMedium
Drought ToleranceLow
Drought ToleranceLow
Drought ToleranceLow
Cold Stratification RequiredNo
Cold Stratification RequiredNo
Cold Stratification RequiredNo
Temperature, Minimum (°F)-40
CaCO3 ToleranceMedium
CaCO3 ToleranceMedium
Anaerobic ToleranceMedium
Anaerobic ToleranceHigh
Anaerobic ToleranceHigh
Adapted to Medium Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Medium Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Medium Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Fine Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Fine Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Fine Textured SoilsNo
Adapted to Coarse Textured SoilsNo
Adapted to Coarse Textured SoilsNo
Adapted to Coarse Textured SoilsNo
Hedge ToleranceNone
Temperature, Minimum (°F)-33
Temperature, Minimum (°F)-3
Shade ToleranceIntolerant
Shade ToleranceIntolerant
Shade ToleranceIntolerant
Salinity ToleranceHigh
Salinity ToleranceHigh
Salinity ToleranceHigh
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)12
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)12
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)12
Precipitation, Minimum30
Precipitation, Minimum20
Precipitation, Minimum20
Precipitation, Maximum59
Hedge ToleranceNone
Hedge ToleranceNone
Moisture UseHigh
Moisture UseHigh
Moisture UseHigh
pH, Maximum8.4
pH, Maximum8.6
pH, Maximum8.6
pH, Minimum6.0
pH, Minimum6.0
pH, Minimum6.5
Precipitation, Maximum50
Precipitation, Maximum60


Morphology/Physiology

Active Growth PeriodSpring
ToxicitySlight
ToxicitySlight
ToxicitySlight
Shape and OrientationProstrate
Shape and OrientationProstrate
Shape and OrientationProstrate
Resprout AbilityNo
Resprout AbilityNo
Flower ConspicuousYes
Fall ConspicuousNo
Fire ResistantYes
Fire ResistantYes
Fire ResistantYes
Flower ColorPurple
Flower ColorPurple
Flower ColorPurple
Flower ConspicuousYes
Fall ConspicuousNo
Flower ConspicuousYes
Foliage ColorGreen
Foliage ColorGreen
Foliage ColorGreen
Foliage Porosity SummerPorous
Foliage Porosity SummerPorous
Foliage Porosity SummerPorous
Foliage Porosity WinterPorous
BloatMedium
Resprout AbilityNo
Active Growth PeriodSpring
Active Growth PeriodSpring
After Harvest Regrowth RateModerate
After Harvest Regrowth RateModerate
After Harvest Regrowth RateModerate
BloatHigh
BloatHigh
Nitrogen FixationMedium
C:N RatioLow
C:N RatioLow
C:N RatioLow
Coppice PotentialNo
Coppice PotentialNo
Coppice PotentialNo
Fall ConspicuousNo
LifespanModerate
Height, Mature (feet)0.5
Height, Mature (feet)1.5
Known AllelopathNo
Known AllelopathNo
Known AllelopathNo
Leaf RetentionNo
Leaf RetentionNo
Leaf RetentionNo
Foliage Porosity WinterPorous
LifespanShort
LifespanShort
Low Growing GrassNo
Low Growing GrassNo
Low Growing GrassNo
Nitrogen FixationHigh
Nitrogen FixationMedium
Growth RateRapid
Height, Mature (feet)0.5
Foliage Porosity WinterPorous
Foliage TextureFine
Foliage TextureFine
Foliage TextureMedium
Fruit/Seed ColorBrown
Fruit/Seed ColorBrown
Fruit/Seed ColorBrown
Fruit/Seed ConspicuousNo
Fruit/Seed ConspicuousNo
Growth FormStoloniferous
Growth FormStoloniferous
Growth FormStoloniferous
Growth RateModerate
Growth RateRapid
Fruit/Seed ConspicuousNo


Reproduction

Fruit/Seed PersistenceNo
Propagated by TubersNo
Propagated by TubersNo
Propagated by TubersNo
Propagated by SprigsNo
Propagated by SprigsNo
Propagated by SprigsNo
Propagated by SodNo
Propagated by SodNo
Propagated by SodNo
Propagated by SeedYes
Propagated by SeedYes
Propagated by SeedYes
Propagated by CuttingsNo
Propagated by CuttingsNo
Seed per Pound299371
Seed per Pound299371
Seed per Pound299371
Seed Spread RateSlow
Seed Spread RateSlow
Seed Spread RateSlow
Seedling VigorLow
Seedling VigorLow
Seedling VigorMedium
Small GrainNo
Small GrainNo
Small GrainNo
Vegetative Spread RateModerate
Vegetative Spread RateModerate
Vegetative Spread RateModerate
Propagated by CormNo
Propagated by CuttingsNo
Bloom PeriodEarly Summer
Bloom PeriodLate Spring
Bloom PeriodSpring
Commercial AvailabilityRoutinely Available
Commercial AvailabilityRoutinely Available
Commercial AvailabilityRoutinely Available
Fruit/Seed AbundanceHigh
Fruit/Seed AbundanceMedium
Fruit/Seed AbundanceMedium
Fruit/Seed Period BeginSpring
Fruit/Seed Period BeginSpring
Fruit/Seed Period BeginSummer
Fruit/Seed Period EndSummer
Fruit/Seed Period EndSummer
Fruit/Seed PersistenceNo
Fruit/Seed Period EndSummer
Propagated by CormNo
Propagated by CormNo
Propagated by ContainerNo
Propagated by ContainerNo
Propagated by ContainerNo
Propagated by BulbNo
Propagated by BulbNo
Propagated by BulbNo
Propagated by Bare RootNo
Propagated by Bare RootNo
Propagated by Bare RootNo
Fruit/Seed PersistenceYes


Suitability/Use

Palatable Browse AnimalMedium
Palatable Graze AnimalHigh
Palatable Graze AnimalHigh
Palatable Graze AnimalHigh
Palatable HumanNo
Palatable HumanNo
Palatable HumanNo
Post ProductNo
Post ProductNo
Post ProductNo
Protein PotentialHigh
Protein PotentialHigh
Protein PotentialHigh
Pulpwood ProductNo
Pulpwood ProductNo
Pulpwood ProductNo
Veneer ProductNo
Veneer ProductNo
Veneer ProductNo
Lumber ProductNo
Berry/Nut/Seed ProductNo
Berry/Nut/Seed ProductNo
Berry/Nut/Seed ProductNo
Christmas Tree ProductNo
Christmas Tree ProductNo
Christmas Tree ProductNo
Fodder ProductYes
Fodder ProductYes
Fodder ProductYes
Palatable Browse AnimalHigh
Lumber ProductNo
Lumber ProductNo
Naval Store ProductNo
Naval Store ProductNo
Naval Store ProductNo
Nursery Stock ProductNo
Nursery Stock ProductNo
Nursery Stock ProductNo
Palatable Browse AnimalHigh

Strawberry Clover