Melilotus arvensis Wallr.

Scientific Name: Melilotus arvensis Wallr.


Classification: Plantae/ Tracheobionta / Spermatophyta / Magnoliophyta / Magnoliopsida / Rosidae / Fabales / Fabaceae / Leguminosae / Melilotus Mill./ Melilotus arvensis Wallr.

<i>Melilotus arvensis</i> Wallr.
General Information
Usda SymbolMEAR15
GroupDicot
Life CycleAnnualBiennial, Perennial,
Growth HabitsForb/herb
Native LocationsMEAR15

Plant Guide

Uses

Forage: White clover is one of the most important pasture legumes. It is highly palatable and nutritious forage for all classes of livestock and most wildlife. White clover is commonly planted with orchardgrass, ryegrass, bromegrass, or tall fescue. ‘Ladino’ white clover planted with orchardgrass produces the premier forage combination for intensive grazing systems in the Northeast. ‘Ladino’ grows tall enough to be harvested for hay, silage, and green chop. Common white clover seldom grows tall enough to be harvested for hay or silage. Beautification: White clover is seeded at 2 pounds per acre with grass for stabilization on moist soils. On dry sites it usually establishes only on wet or moist areas. Wildlife: White clover is an excellent forage plant for wildlife. Leaves are grazed by white-footed voles, bears, moose, mule and white-tailed deer and blue grouse. Seeds are eaten by northern bobwhite, bufflehead, American coot, sage grouse, ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, horned lark, mallard, gray partridge, greater prairie chicken, willow ptarmigan, American pintail, California quail and American robin. Erosion control: Grass seedings benefit from the nitrogen produced by white clover included in the seed mixture. Solid stands of white clover form a good erosion control cover on moist fertile soils, but stands may be sparse or spotty on dry sites. Pollinators: Honeybees and other insects cross-pollinate the flowers as they collect nectar and pollen.

Status

Consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status (e.g. wetland indicator values).

Weediness

This plant may become weedy or invasive in some regions or habitats and may displace desirable vegetation if not properly managed. Consult your local NRCS Field Office, Cooperative Extension Service office, or state natural resource or agriculture department regarding its status and use. Weed information is also available from the PLANTS Web site at plants.usda.gov. ©William S. Justice Smithsonian Institution @ USDA NRCS PLANTS

Description

Trifolium repens, white clover, is a perennial legume that originated in Europe and has become one of the most widely distributed legumes in the world, It generally has a prostrate, stoloniferous growth habit, The leaves are composed of three leaflets, which may or may not have a “crescent” or “water mark” on the upper surface, Leaves and roots develop along stolons at nodes, The flower heads, each consisting of 40 to 100 florets, are borne on long stalks from the leaf axils, Florets are white but may have a pink hue, Use soil moisture sensors to measure the soil moisture of Melilotus arvensis Wallr..,

Adaptation and Distribution

Distribution

Distribution

White clover thrives best in a cool, moist climate in soils with ample lime, phosphate, and potash. In general, white clover is best adapted to clay and silt soils in humid and irrigated areas. It grows successfully on sandy soils with a high water table or irrigated droughty soils when adequately fertilized. White clover seldom roots deeper than 2 feet, which makes it adapted to shallow soils when adequate moisture is available. Dry soils limit establishment and persistence of white clover. Lack of winter hardiness also limits the use of white clover in areas that have cold winters and lack of snow cover. White clover has a circumboreal distribution. It was introduced to North America from Europe and has naturalized throughout Canada and the United States, including Hawaii and Alaska. For a current distribution map, consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Website.

Establishment

White clover has approximately 776,000 seeds per pound. The full seeding rate is 4 pounds PLS per acre for a solid stand. The recommended seeding rate for a grass/legume pasture is 25 percent or 1 pound PLS per acre. For pasture establishment, seed is drilled into a well-prepared seedbed that has been plowed, harrowed, and compacted to produce a firm seedbed. The seed should be inoculated with the correct Rhizobium before seeding. Seeding depth should be 1/8 - 1/4 inch deep. Typically, in grass/legume mixtures, the grass is drill seeded in rows and white clover is over seeded to limit competition from grass. For stabilization use, seed is broadcast on roadside cuts and fills by cyclone seeders, hydroseeders, or blower-type equipment. The proper time of seeding is determined by seasonal and moisture conditions. In most areas, this may vary from early April to mid May. Late summer and fall seedings should only be conducted when site is irrigated and when at least six weeks of growing season remain to assure establishment before freezing conditions.

Management

White clover is normally used as a companion crop with forage grasses (smooth brome, meadow brome, timothy, ryegrass or orchardgrass) to provide a source of nitrogen while also providing high-yielding forage rich in protein. In the southeastern United States, grass forages grown with white clover average as high or higher than grass (by itself) fertilized at nitrogen rates up to 300 pounds per acre. Including white clover in a grass forage mix also increases the calcium concentration of the forage compared to grass alone. When seed is properly inoculated at time of planting, white clover can fix nitrogen from N2 in the atmosphere, requiring little or no additional nitrogen fertilizer. However, it requires relatively large amounts of phosphorus, potassium and sulphur, and will respond to these fertilizer applications. In grass-legume mixtures, it is not possible to supply the ideal combinations of elements for both grass and legume. If nitrogen is applied to a grass-legume mixture, the grass will tend to increase at the expense of the legume. Well-fertilized grass will outgrow clover in fall and winter and could smother the clover. Management for forage is aimed at maintaining 40% to 50% clover. Close grazing (2 inch stubble height) favors clover, whereas light grazing favors grass. White clover should be rotationally grazed. In order to use white clover as a protein and energy supplement on small acreages, livestock should be allowed to graze only 1 to 2 hours each day. This will allow for optimum utilization of the white clover pasture. In a continuous grazing system, graze white clover when it reaches 6 inches and to a minimum of 2 inches at intervals of 15-30 days. White clover has medium to high bloat potential when grazed. It usually is recommended as a mixture with one or more grasses for pasture. Crude protein ranges from 12 to 23%, acid detergent fiber from 24 to 32% and total digestible nutrients from 70 to 80% depending on the amount of white clover present in the grass/legume mixture. Spring applications of nitrogen will stimulate grass and provide early feed, but excessive rates are detrimental to the clover stand. Phosphate applications are broadcast in fall or spring according to soil tests. Sulfur, boron, or magnesium may be needed for maximum production on some soils in the western part of white clover’s range.

Pests and Potential Problems

Disease and insect pests of white clover vary with the location, cultural practices and use of white clover and vary among and during the growing season. White clover is susceptible to leaf diseases, root and stolon diseases, nematodes, viral diseases, insects, spider mites and slugs. Practical control of many plant diseases can be accomplished by harvesting to remove disease inoculum and planting disease resistant cultivars. Judicious grazing management combined with chemical control can limit damage from insects, spider mites and slugs.

Environmental Concerns

Concerns

Concerns

White clover spreads by both seed and stolons and is considered weedy in some locations. It can spread into adjoining vegetative communities under ideal climatic and environmental conditions.

Seed Production

Plant white clover seed at 1 to 3 pounds PLS per acre in 20 to 24 inch rows. To facilitate seed production and between-row weed control, it is desirable to plant white clover in spaced rows instead of solid stands. Most of the seed production of white clover occurs in California. Average seed yields are about 300 pounds per acre but yields can easily be doubled by using proper production practices. Time and frequency of irrigation is critical as white clover can lodge easily. Irrigation should be stopped when the degree of bloom and seedhead maturity is maximized. Honeybees are essential for seed production. Hives should be placed at the rate of 7-24 hives per acre to maximize pollination and seed yield. Seed is usually harvested by swathing to allow the seed to complete maturity and dry followed by combining. Spray curing windrows with a chemical defoliant followed by direct combining is also used and can be quite efficient. Cultivars, Improved, and Selected Materials (and area of origin) The three general types of white clover usually recognized are (1) large, (2) intermediate, and (3) small. Large type: ‘Ladino’ is the recommended cultivar of the large type. It is two to four times as large as common white clover. It is very well suited to the Northwest interior areas away from the coast. It will winter kill under dry winter conditions, and is susceptible to slug damage. It requires a high soil phosphate level and good management for maximum production. ‘Pilgrim’ and ‘Merit’ have been developed for winter hardiness. Intermediate type: ‘Grassland Huia’ is representative of the intermediate type. It was formerly designated ‘New Zealand’. It is very well adapted to locations along the coast and interior areas where slugs are a problem. Small type: “New York’ wild white clover is an example of the small type, which is adapted to higher elevations and colder areas. It is the most drought-resistant type. It is very persistent in pastures, withstands close grazing, and is the least productive of the white clovers. ‘Kent Wild’ white clover is also a small type. White clover seed is available from most commercial seed vendors.

Control

Please contact your local agricultural extension specialist or county weed specialist to learn what works best in your area and how to use it safely. Always read label and safety instructions for each control method. Trade names and control measures appear in this document only to provide specific information. USDA, NRCS does not guarantee or warranty the products and control methods named, and other products may be equally effective.

References

Carlson, G.E., Gibson, P.B. and D.D. Baltensperger. 1985. White Clover and other perennial clovers. Chapter 13. In: Forages: The Science of Grassland Agriculture. Iowa State University Press. 643 p. Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Trifolium repens. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2008, November 20]. Jensen, Kevin et al. 2004 Intermountain Planting Guide. Pg 82. Mississippi State University. Forages: White Ladino Clover. http://msucares.com/crops/forages/legumes/cool/whiteclover.html [2008, November 20]. Ogle, D., L. St. John, M. Stannard, and L. Holzworth. 2008. Grass, grass-like, forb, legume and woody species for the Intermountain West. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Boise, Idaho. Idaho Plant Materials Technical Note 24. 43 p. Ogle, D., L. St. John, J, Cornwell, M. Stannard, and L. Holzworth. 2008. Pasture and Range Seedings: Planning, Installation, Evaluation, Management. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Boise, Idaho. Idaho Plant Materials Technical Note 10. 36 p. Oregon Clover Seed Production. http://oregonclover.org/seedproduction.html [2008, November 25]. Shewmaker, Glenn. 2005. Idaho Forage Handbook. University of Idaho. 99 p.

Prepared By

Loren St. John, USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center, Aberdeen, ID Dan Ogle, USDA NRCS Idaho State Office, Boise, ID

http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
http://msucares.com/crops/forages/legumes/cool/whiteclover.html%20%5B2008
http://msucares.com/crops/forages/legumes/cool/whiteclover.html%20%5B2008
http://oregonclover.org/seedproduction.html Species Coordinator: Loren St. John, USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center, Aberdeen, ID Edited: 1Dec2008 LWS; 1Dec2008 DGO; 2Dec2008 JSP For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site<http://plants.usda.gov> or the Plant Materials Program Web site <http://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov> The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer." Read about Civil Rights at the Natural Resources

Plant Traits

Growth Requirements

CaCO3 ToleranceHigh
Frost Free Days, Minimum120
Frost Free Days, Minimum110
Fire ToleranceHigh
Fire ToleranceHigh
Fertility RequirementHigh
Fertility RequirementHigh
Drought ToleranceHigh
Drought ToleranceHigh
Cold Stratification RequiredNo
Cold Stratification RequiredNo
Temperature, Minimum (°F)-38
CaCO3 ToleranceHigh
Anaerobic ToleranceLow
Anaerobic ToleranceLow
Adapted to Medium Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Medium Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Fine Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Fine Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Coarse Textured SoilsYes
Adapted to Coarse Textured SoilsNo
Hedge ToleranceNone
Temperature, Minimum (°F)-38
Shade ToleranceIntolerant
Shade ToleranceIntolerant
Salinity ToleranceHigh
Salinity ToleranceHigh
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)32
Root Depth, Minimum (inches)16
Precipitation, Minimum17
Precipitation, Minimum17
Precipitation, Maximum65
Precipitation, Maximum60
pH, Minimum6.5
pH, Minimum6.5
pH, Maximum8.2
pH, Maximum8.0
Moisture UseMedium
Moisture UseMedium
Hedge ToleranceNone


Morphology/Physiology

Active Growth PeriodSpring and Summer
ToxicityModerate
ToxicityModerate
Shape and OrientationErect
Shape and OrientationErect
Resprout AbilityNo
Fall ConspicuousNo
Foliage Porosity WinterPorous
Foliage Porosity SummerPorous
Foliage Porosity SummerPorous
Foliage ColorGreen
Foliage ColorGreen
Flower ConspicuousYes
Flower ConspicuousYes
Flower ColorYellow
Flower ColorWhite
Fire ResistantNo
Fire ResistantNo
Nitrogen FixationMedium
Fall ConspicuousNo
Coppice PotentialNo
Coppice PotentialNo
C:N RatioLow
C:N RatioLow
BloatMedium
BloatMedium
After Harvest Regrowth RateSlow
After Harvest Regrowth RateSlow
Active Growth PeriodSpring
Resprout AbilityNo
Foliage TextureCoarse
Nitrogen FixationMedium
Low Growing GrassNo
Low Growing GrassNo
LifespanShort
LifespanShort
Leaf RetentionNo
Leaf RetentionNo
Known AllelopathYes
Known AllelopathYes
Height, Mature (feet)6.0
Growth RateRapid
Height, Mature (feet)5.0
Foliage Porosity WinterPorous
Foliage TextureCoarse
Fruit/Seed ColorYellow
Fruit/Seed ColorYellow
Fruit/Seed ConspicuousNo
Fruit/Seed ConspicuousNo
Growth FormSingle Crown
Growth FormSingle Crown
Growth RateRapid


Reproduction

Propagated by CuttingsNo
Propagated by SeedYes
Propagated by SeedYes
Propagated by SodNo
Propagated by SodNo
Propagated by SprigsNo
Propagated by SprigsNo
Propagated by TubersNo
Propagated by TubersNo
Fruit/Seed PersistenceNo
Seed per Pound258560
Seed per Pound258560
Seed Spread RateRapid
Seed Spread RateRapid
Seedling VigorHigh
Seedling VigorHigh
Small GrainNo
Small GrainNo
Vegetative Spread RateNone
Vegetative Spread RateNone
Propagated by CormNo
Propagated by CuttingsNo
Bloom PeriodSummer
Bloom PeriodSummer
Commercial AvailabilityRoutinely Available
Commercial AvailabilityRoutinely Available
Fruit/Seed AbundanceHigh
Fruit/Seed AbundanceHigh
Fruit/Seed Period BeginSummer
Fruit/Seed Period BeginSummer
Fruit/Seed Period EndFall
Fruit/Seed PersistenceNo
Propagated by Bare RootNo
Propagated by Bare RootNo
Propagated by BulbNo
Propagated by BulbNo
Propagated by ContainerNo
Propagated by ContainerNo
Propagated by CormNo
Fruit/Seed Period EndSummer


Suitability/Use

Palatable Browse AnimalMedium
Palatable Graze AnimalMedium
Palatable Graze AnimalMedium
Palatable HumanNo
Palatable HumanNo
Post ProductNo
Post ProductNo
Protein PotentialHigh
Protein PotentialHigh
Pulpwood ProductNo
Pulpwood ProductNo
Veneer ProductNo
Veneer ProductNo
Palatable Browse AnimalLow
Nursery Stock ProductNo
Nursery Stock ProductNo
Naval Store ProductNo
Naval Store ProductNo
Lumber ProductNo
Lumber ProductNo
Fodder ProductYes
Fodder ProductYes
Christmas Tree ProductNo
Christmas Tree ProductNo
Berry/Nut/Seed ProductNo
Berry/Nut/Seed ProductNo

<i>Melilotus arvensis</i> Wallr.

<i>Melilotus arvensis</i> Wallr.

<i>Melilotus arvensis</i> Wallr.

<i>Melilotus arvensis</i> Wallr.

<i>Melilotus arvensis</i> Wallr.

<i>Melilotus arvensis</i> Wallr.

<i>Melilotus arvensis</i> Wallr.

<i>Melilotus arvensis</i> Wallr.

<i>Melilotus arvensis</i> Wallr.

<i>Melilotus arvensis</i> Wallr.

<i>Melilotus arvensis</i> Wallr.

<i>Melilotus arvensis</i> Wallr.