Malus bacata (L.) Borkh. ssp. mandshurica (Maxim.) C.K. Schneid.
Scientific Name: Malus bacata (L.) Borkh. ssp. mandshurica (Maxim.) C.K. Schneid.
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| General Information | |
|---|---|
| Usda Symbol | MABAM2 |
| Group | Dicot |
| Life Cycle | Perennial |
| Growth Habits | |
| Native Locations | MABAM2 |
Plant Guide
Alternate Names
Common Alternate Names: None Scientific Alternate Names: Malus mandshurica (Maxim.) Kom. var. sachalinenis (Juz.) Ponamar; Malus bacata (L.) Borkh. ssp. mandshurica (Maxim.) C.K. Schneid.
Uses
Conservation/Windbreaks: Manchurian crabapple can be used in single or multiple row windbreaks. Its dense branches provide wind and snow protection for farmsteads and cropland. Wildlife: This species provides cover and habitat for wildlife. Manchurian crabapple is rated excellent as a food supply for wintering wildlife (Henderson, 1987).The fruit is a small apple generally less than ½ inch in diameter that that can “raisin” on the tree and provide a winter food source for many birds and mammals. Agroforestry Products: The wood is used in smoking meats and makes excellent quality firewood. Fruit can be used fresh, dried, or processed into juices, jellies, sauces, pies, cakes, and cider. Urban/Recreational: The species can be used both in urban and recreational settings for shade and screening. Ethnobotany: Apple juice is used for liver problems, gout, dysentery, and diarrhea. The fruit is used to dispel gas, dissolve mucous, cure flux, and as a tonic for colic (Herman et al., 1996).
Status
Manchurian crabapple is a plant hardiness zone 2 species that originates in northeast Asia. Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status (e.g., threatened or endangered species, state noxious status, and wetland indicator values).
Weediness
Manchurian crabapple may become weedy or invasive in some regions or habitats and may displace desirable vegetation if not properly managed. The fruit is highly edible by birds and mammals, and seed may be spread locally. Plants are not rhizomatous. Please consult with your local NRCS Field Office, Cooperative Extension Service office, state natural resource, or state agriculture department regarding its status and use. Weed information is also available from the PLANTS Web site at http://plants.usda.gov/. Please consult the Related Web Sites on the Plant Profile for this species for further information.
Description
Manchurian crabapple is a small, non-suckering, bushy tree with many showy, white petals. The small fruit is edible by wildlife. Manchurian crabapple needs well-drained, moist soils. It is a hardy, spring- flowering tree that has played a big part in the development of many new crabapple varieties (Knowles, 1995). The buds are small, ⅛ to ¼ inch, alternate, and reddish-brown, with imbricate scales. The leaves are simple, ovate to elliptical-oblong with finely serrated edges. The leaf surface is smooth or pubescent. Leaves are 1½ to 3¼ inches long and 1 to 2½ inches wide. They are dark or olive-green above and paler green below. The leaves turn yellow in the fall. The flower is an umbel with white blossoms. The fruit is a pome, and generally smaller than ½ inch (Herman et al., 1996). It has a tendency toward pendulous branches with rather narrow leaves, slender branches, and bright red fruit (Bourdo, 1999). It has a form that ranges from spreading to densely globose. It reached a height of 20 feet and a width of 20 feet in 20 years on a well-drained loam soil in east-central
Distribution
Manchurian crabapple is native to northeast Asia. For current distribution in North America, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site.
Adaptation
The species is cold hardy and moderately drought tolerant, Use soil moisture sensors to measure the soil moisture of Malus bacata (L.) Borkh. ssp. mandshurica (Maxim.) C.K. Schneid.., It is adapted to a variety of soils, but prefers heavier loam, It prefers moist, but well-drained sites in full sun, It tends to become chlorotic with higher pH,
Establishment
Deer and rabbits often browse young plants. Planting should be done in the early spring when moisture conditions are best. Weed control helps establishment and growth rate. Irrigation may be needed to ensure early survival on dry sites.
Management
Conservation grade seedlings are usually 2 years old and 1-2 feet tall. Manchurian crabapple is a small tree that should be planted in the spring 6 to 10 feet apart. Seedlings grow medium fast. Dry conditions may cause die-back. Irrigation may be needed to ensure survival on drier sites. If animal populations are high, the trees should be protected from browse and girdling, especially in grassy areas (Knudson, 1984). Pruning should be done during dormancy. Manchurian crabapples are intolerant of poorly drained soil and are best planted on a soil of medium fertility. They should be planted in full sun. Shade will lessen the quality and quantity of flowers (Eisel, 1997).
Pests and Potential Problems
Susceptibility of the various varieties to bacterial fireblight (Erwinia amylorora) disease varies from susceptible to highly resistant, so caution is advised (Knowles, 1995). Other diseases typical of the Malus species include apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) and anthracnose canker (Pezinula malicorticus). Crabapples should not be planted with cedar or juniper trees because of the problem with cedar-apple rust (Gymnsporangium juniperi-virginianae). The leaves contain an anti-bacterial substance called phloretin, which may provide variable resistance to bacterial diseases. Insect pests include fall cankerworms (Alsophila pometaria), fall webworms (Hyphantria cunea), and apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella) (Herman et al., 1996).
Environmental Concerns
Concerns
Concerns
The fruit is a pea-sized apple, highly desirable by birds and small mammals. It is spread locally by these animals. Manchurian crabapple is not aggressive, and invasiveness is not usually a concern. Fire and herbicide can be used for control. The small apples are eaten by many species of birds. (Photo credit: D. Tober, USDA NRCS PMC, Bismarck, ND)
Seeds and Plant Production
Plant Production
Plant Production
Seed is picked and cleaned in the fall. It is stratified approximately 30 days before planting in the fall. The seed can be mixed with damp, fine sand and kept at temperatures of 34 to 36 degrees F. Growers should watch closely the last few days to determine when the seeds begin to sprout and break dormancy. Seed is planted approximately ½ inch deep in beds or rows and mulched lightly with the surface kept moist until the seedling emerges. Planting stock should be approximately 12-24 inches tall. Cultivars, Improved, and Selected Materials (and area of origin) ‘Midwest’ Manchurian crabapple was developed by the USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center at Bismarck, North Dakota. It is grown from open pollinated seed and recommended for use in windbreaks and for wildlife plantings. It was selected for its good seedling vigor and growth rates.
References
Bourdo Jr., E., 1999. The illustrated book of trees. Pub. by Salamander Books Limited, London. Eisel, M. 1997. Trees, shrubs, and vines for Minnesota landscapes. University of Minnesota Extension WW-00545, St. Paul, Minnesota. Henderson, C. 1987. Landscaping for wildlife. Minnesota Dept. of Natural Resources. Minnesota’s Bookstore, St. Paul, Minnesota. Herman, D.E., C. Stange, V. Quam. 1996. North Dakota tree handbook. USDA NRCS; ND State Soil Conservation Committee; NDSU Extension and Western Area Power Admin., Bismarck, North Dakota. Knowles H., 1996. Woody ornamentals for the prairies. University of Alberta, Faculty of Extension, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Knudson M., 1984. Midwest Manchurian crabapple release brochure. USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center, Bismarck, North Dakota. Knudson, M. 2004. Twenty-five years of tree planting trials at the Highmore field evaluation planting. Tech. Rep., USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center, Bismarck, North Dakota. Prepared By: Dwight A. Tober (retired) USDA NRCS, Plant Materials Center, Bismarck, North Dakota Citation Tober, D. 2013. Manchurian crabapple (Malus mandshurica). USDA-Natural Resources
Plant Traits
Growth Requirements
| Temperature, Minimum (°F) | -43 |
|---|---|
| Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils | No |
| Adapted to Fine Textured Soils | No |
| Adapted to Medium Textured Soils | Yes |
| Anaerobic Tolerance | None |
| CaCO3 Tolerance | Medium |
| Cold Stratification Required | Yes |
| Drought Tolerance | High |
| Fertility Requirement | Medium |
| Fire Tolerance | Medium |
| Frost Free Days, Minimum | 110 |
| Hedge Tolerance | Medium |
| Moisture Use | Low |
| pH, Maximum | 8.0 |
| pH, Minimum | 5.2 |
| Planting Density per Acre, Maxim | 1200 |
| Planting Density per Acre, Minim | 300 |
| Precipitation, Maximum | 55 |
| Precipitation, Minimum | 15 |
| Root Depth, Minimum (inches) | 26 |
| Salinity Tolerance | None |
| Shade Tolerance | Intolerant |
Morphology/Physiology
| Bloat | None |
|---|---|
| Toxicity | None |
| Resprout Ability | Yes |
| Shape and Orientation | Rounded |
| Active Growth Period | Spring and Summer |
| C:N Ratio | Medium |
| Coppice Potential | Yes |
| Fall Conspicuous | Yes |
| Fire Resistant | No |
| Flower Color | White |
| Flower Conspicuous | Yes |
| Foliage Color | Green |
| Foliage Porosity Summer | Dense |
| Foliage Porosity Winter | Moderate |
| Foliage Texture | Coarse |
| Fruit/Seed Conspicuous | Yes |
| Nitrogen Fixation | None |
| Low Growing Grass | No |
| Lifespan | Long |
| Leaf Retention | No |
| Known Allelopath | No |
| Height, Mature (feet) | 20.0 |
| Height at 20 Years, Maximum (fee | 20 |
| Growth Rate | Moderate |
| Growth Form | Multiple Stem |
| Fruit/Seed Color | Red |
Reproduction
| Vegetative Spread Rate | None |
|---|---|
| Small Grain | No |
| Seedling Vigor | Medium |
| Seed Spread Rate | None |
| Fruit/Seed Period End | Fall |
| Seed per Pound | 66000 |
| Propagated by Tubers | No |
| Propagated by Sprigs | No |
| Propagated by Sod | No |
| Propagated by Seed | Yes |
| Propagated by Corm | No |
| Propagated by Container | Yes |
| Propagated by Bulb | No |
| Propagated by Bare Root | Yes |
| Fruit/Seed Persistence | Yes |
| Fruit/Seed Period Begin | Summer |
| Fruit/Seed Abundance | High |
| Commercial Availability | Routinely Available |
| Bloom Period | Mid Spring |
| Propagated by Cuttings | No |
Suitability/Use
| Veneer Product | No |
|---|---|
| Pulpwood Product | No |
| Protein Potential | Low |
| Post Product | No |
| Palatable Human | No |
| Palatable Graze Animal | Low |
| Palatable Browse Animal | Medium |
| Nursery Stock Product | Yes |
| Naval Store Product | No |
| Lumber Product | No |
| Fodder Product | No |
| Christmas Tree Product | No |
| Berry/Nut/Seed Product | No |