Chrysobotrya aurea (Pursh) Rydb.

Scientific Name: Chrysobotrya aurea (Pursh) Rydb.

Plant Guide

Alternate Names

Buffalo currant, fragrant golden currant, golden flowering currant, clove currant, spicebush

Uses

Wildlife: Fruits of Ribes species, including the golden currant, are a valuable food source for songbirds, chipmunks, ground squirrels, as well as numerous wildlife species and other animals. Ethnobotanic: The sweet and flavorful fruits are full of seeds but are popular for making jam, jelly, pie, and even ice cream. Some western Indian tribes used currants (Ribes species) for making pemmican. The Kiowa Indians believed that snakes were afraid of the currant bush and used it as a snakebite remedy. Other tribes have used the fruits to color clay pots. Conservation: The fragrant (clove odor), golden-yellow flowers of spring, yellowish to red fall foliage, edible fruits, and wide ecological range make golden currant a valued ornamental shrub for a variety of natural landscapes. Golden currant is easily cultivated from seed or cuttings. Botany Dept., NMNH, Smithsonian Institution @ PLANTS

Status

Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status, such as, state noxious status and wetland indicator values.

Description

General: Currant family (Grossulariaceae). A native shrub 1-3 m tall, spineless, with numerous, erect-arching branches forming an irregular crown up to 6 meters tall or more; bark gray to red-brown; rhizomatous. Leaves deciduous, light green and glossy, alternate or clustered, orbicular or cuneate-ovate with 3-5 rounded lobes, (0.6-)1-2.5(4.7) cm long and wide, cuneate to subcordate at base, glabrous or sometimes lightly hairy beneath. Flowers in short racemes of 5-10(-15), with the fragrance of cloves; long-tubed (from fused sepals) and trumpet-shaped, with 5 yellow sepal lobes spreading at the top, with 5, short, reddish petals inserted at the top of the tube. Fruit a berry 6-10 mm diameter, globose to ellipsoid, ripening from green to yellow to red and finally black to dark purple, with numerous seeds. The common name pertains to the conspicuous, golden flowers; “currant” is the general name for Ribes fruit. Variation within the species: Ribes odoratum, often considered a distinct species, recognized by its considerably larger flowers, has been placed (re-placed, as var. villosum) as the eastern segment of the broader species. Var. aureum – (golden currant) Var. gracillimum (Coville & Britt.) Jepson – (golden currant) Var. villosum DC. – (fragrant golden currant, buffalo currant, clove currant) synonym: Ribes odoratum H. Wendl. Distribution: Var. aureum is widespread in the western US and southeastern Canada, with populations in Ontario and perhaps Quebec, as far south in the US as trans-Pecos Texas. Var. gracillimum is endemic to California. Var. villosum in the central US, from western Texas to Montana and eastward to New York and Vermont; it is absent from the Atlantic seaboard. The species is naturalized in Europe from garden escapes. For current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site.

Adaptation

Golden currant grows in grasslands, coniferous forests and woodlands, and riparian and mountain shrub communities. It occurs on floodplains, along streams, in ravines and washes, by springs, and on mountain slopes, at elevations of about 800–2600 meters. It is generally an early to mid-seral species in western coniferous forests. Var. villosum occurs on cliffs, rocky slopes, ravines, bluffs, open hillside, and thicket margins, often in sandy habitats. Golden currant is somewhat shade tolerant and may grow in open, scattered, and dense pine stands, but it is usually suppressed by a denser canopy. Flowering (March–)April–June, just after appearance of the leaves; fruiting (May–)June–August.

Establishment

Plants of Ribes generally begin fruiting after 3 years, Seeds may remain viable in the soil and duff for many years, Use soil moisture sensors to measure the soil moisture of Chrysobotrya aurea (Pursh) Rydb.., Germination is enhanced by scarification, but relatively good germination of golden currant seeds was obtained by stratification at -2,2–2,2 degrees C for 60 days without scarification, Golden currant transplants well and forms suckers, Plants can also be grown from cuttings, It reproduces vegetatively by rhizomes, sprouting after cutting and fire,

Management

Golden currant can be used to re-vegetate roadsides and disturbed areas, such as mine spoils and rangeland. It is rated mostly good in initial establishment, growth rate. persistence, germination, seed production, ease of planting, and natural spread. It tolerates shearing and may be used on dry, exposed sites in a range of soil types, and it is a good soil stabilizer. Golden currant is an alternate host for white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola); this and other species of Ribes have been targets of various eradication efforts where white pine is of commercial interest. Please check the PLANTS Profile for this plant for links to additional information. Fire top-kills golden currant, but it can survive low- to moderate-severity fire by sprouting from rhizomes. Such fires also scarify soil-stored seed and enhance germination. Severe fire probably kills golden currant and may destroy soil-stored seeds. Cultivars, Improved and Selected Materials (and area of origin) These plant materials are readily available from commercial sources. One cultivar (‘Crandall’) has been referred to as "the North Country's answer to Forsythia." Other horticultural selections have been made for hardiness, flower color and density, and fruit taste and size. Contact your local Natural Resources

Conservation

Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service) office for more information. Look in the phone book under ”United States Government.” The Natural Resources Conservation Service will be listed under the subheading “Department of Agriculture.”

References

Conrad, C. E. 1987. Common shrubs of chaparral and associated ecosystems of southern California. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-99. USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, California. Shaw, N. 1984. Producing bareroot seedlings of native shrubs. IN: P.M. Murphy (compiler). The challenge of producing native plants for the Intermountain area. Proceedings, Intermountain Nurseryman's Association conference; Las Vegas, NV, 1983. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-168. USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah. Wasser, C.H. 1982. Ecology and culture of selected species useful in revegetating disturbed lands in the West. FWS/OBS-82/56. USDI, Fish and

Wildlife

Service, Washington, DC. Winkler, G. 1987 (rev. K.A. Marshall 1995) Ribes aureum. IN: W.C. Fischer (compiler). The fire effects information system [Data base]. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, Montana.