Fourwing Saltbush
Scientific Name: Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.
| General Information | |
|---|---|
| Usda Symbol | ATCA2 |
| Group | Dicot |
| Life Cycle | Perennial |
| Growth Habits | Shrub |
| Native Locations | ATCA2 |
Plant Guide
Description
General: Goosefoot Family (Chenopodiaceae). Fourwing saltbush is a polymorphic species varying from deciduous to evergreen, depending on climate. Its much-branched stems are stout with whitish bark. Mature plants range from 1 to 8 ft in height, depending on ecotype and the soil and climate. Its leaves are simple, alternate, entire, linear-spatulate to narrowly oblong, canescent (covered with fine whitish hairs) and ½ to 2 inches long. Its root system is branched and commonly very deep reaching depths of up to 20 ft when soil depth allows (Kearney et al., 1960). Fourwing saltbush is mostly dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants (Welsh et al., 2003); however, some monoecious plants may be found within a population. At higher ploidy levels fourwing saltbush can exhibit trioecy (three sexual states), with plants able to switch from female to male under environmental stress (McArthur and Monsen, 2004). Fourwing saltbush plants can also exhibit hermaphroditic characteristics (male and female parts in one flower). Male flowers are red to yellow and form dense spikes at the ends of the branches. The female flowers are axillary and nondescript. The seed is contained in a winged utricle that turns a dull yellow when ripe and may remain attached to the plant throughout winter. Fourwing saltbush is a highly variable species. Introgression and changes in ploidy are common. There are six currently accepted varieties of fourwing saltbush: angustifolia, canescens, gigantea, laciniata, linearis and macilenta. Hybridization is also common among Atriplex species including between woody and herbaceous species (Stutz, 1984). Several hybrid forms involving fourwing saltbush have been documented including hybrids with A. polycarpa, A. gardneri, A. obovata and A. falcata (Stutz, 1984). Distribution: Fourwing saltbush is one of the most widely distributed and important native shrubs on rangelands in the western United States including the Intermountain, Great Basin, and Great Plains regions. It can be found from the Pacific Coast to the Missouri River, and from Mexico to southern Alberta (Welsh et al., 2003). For current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS web site (http://plants.usda.gov/).
Habitat Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Fourwing saltbush occurs most commonly in salt-desert scrub communities in the Great Basin, Mojave and Sonora Desert areas of western North America (Kearney et al., 1960; Welsh et al., 2003). In the Great Basin region it is often associated with black greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus), black brush (Coleogyne ramosissima), big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus spp.) and shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia) (Welsh et al., 2003). In the Mojave and Sonoran deserts it is found in alkali bottoms with iodinebush (Allenrolfea occidentalis) and shadscale. It can also be found in association with sand dune communities as well as Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia) and pinyon-juniper (Pinus-Juniperus spp.) communities (Kearney et al., 1960). In the Great Plains it can be found with blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), prickly-pear cactus (Opuntia polycantha) and galleta (Pleuraphis jamesii). Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant Guide Figure 1 Fourwing saltbush. Photo by Steven Perkins @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database.
Uses
Rangeland/Grazing: Fourwing saltbush is highly palatable browse for most livestock and big game (Peterson et al., 1987). Protein, fat and carbohydrate levels of fourwing saltbush have been compared to those of alfalfa (Catlin, 1925). It is utilized primarily in the winter at which time it is high in carotene and digestible protein averages near 8 percent (Otsyina et al., 1982). Wildlife: Fourwing saltbush provides excellent season long browse for deer (Ogle and Brazee, 2009). It is a good browse plant for bighorn sheep, antelope, and elk in fall and winter. It is also a food source and excellent cover for sharptail grouse, gray partridge (Huns), sage grouse, and other upland birds, rabbits, songbirds, and small mammals (Howard, 2003). Erosion Control: Fourwing saltbush makes excellent screens, hedges, and barriers. It is especially useful on saline-sodic soils (Ogle and St. John, 2008). It has excellent drought tolerance and has been planted in highway medians and on road shoulders, slopes, and other disturbed areas near roadways. Because it is a good wildlife browse species, caution is recommended in using fourwing saltbush in plantings along roadways. Its extensive root system provides excellent erosion control. Reclamation: Fourwing saltbush is used extensively for reclamation of disturbed sites (mine lands, drill pads, exploration holes, etc,). It provides excellent species diversity for mine land reclamation projects.
Ethnobotany
American Indians boiled fresh roots with a little salt and drank half-cupful doses for stomach pain and as a laxative. Roots were also ground and applied as a toothache remedy. Leaf or root tea was taken as an emetic for stomach pain and bad coughs (Felger and Moser, 1974). Soapy lather from leaves was used for itching and rashes from chickenpox or measles. Fresh leaf or a poultice of fresh or dried flowers was applied to ant bites. Leaves were used as a snuff for nasal problems. Smoke from burning leaves was used to revive someone who was injured, weak, or feeling faint.
Status
Global rank is G5 (Secure). California state rank is S5 (secure- common, widespread, and abundant in the state). No special federal legal status. Atriplex canescens var. gigantea is on BLM's sensitive plant species list for Utah (BLM 2002). Populations are located on the Little Sahara National Recreation Area and are threatened by recreational vehicle use on the sand dunes (BLM 1999). Wetland Indicator Status: None. Ranking and status values may change over time. Please consult the PLANTS Web site (http://plants.usda.gov/) and your state’s Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status (e.g., threatened or endangered species, state noxious status, and wetland indicator values).
Planting Guidelines
Fourwing saltbush begins growth in mid to late spring. Seed matures 3 to 4 months after flowering. It typically spreads via seed distribution, and may also root sprout following wildfire or layer if covered with sand. Stands typically take three to four years Figure 2 Male fourwing saltbush flowers. Photo by Derek Tilley, USDA-NRCS.
Management
Fourwing saltbush is palatable to cattle, sheep and deer season long. It provides nutritious winter browse on many areas and is a good fall and winter browse plant for bighorn sheep, antelope, and elk. In new plantings, utilizing good seedbed and weed control techniques should enhance establishment and reduce competition with other plants. In interseedings, plant competition should be reduced by chemical, scalping, furrowing or other techniques that help control existing vegetation and weeds. Animals utilizing the area should be removed from new plantings for at least two growing seasons or until plants are well established and reproducing. Irrigation may be needed for transplants on harsh sites to ensure establishment. Young seedings are not tolerant of excessive insect, rabbit, and rodent damage and plantings may require control measures if severe damage appears. In established plantings, deferred rotation grazing systems are recommended for fourwing saltbush management. Plants can be grazed from late spring through winter, but plant health is best maintained if used primarily as a winter browse. Fourwing saltbush tolerates browsing very well, but will decrease in abundance under continuous close browsing. Proper use of fourwing saltbush as browse is approximately 40 to 50 percent of the current year’s growth. Excessive use results in damage or loss of plants from breakage of brittle branches. During dry periods, branches and stems may be brittle and trampling by livestock may damage plants. Damaged plants generally recover if rested, but production will be reduced until fully recovered. No injury to livestock results from grazing this plant. However, it can cause bloat and scours in spring if it is the primary dietary source. Rabbits, rodents, and grasshoppers utilize fourwing saltbush and may damage stands under severe conditions requiring pest control measures.
Pests and Potential Problems
The Atriplex case-bearing moth (Coleophora atriplicivora) can damage leaves and reduce seed production on fourwing saltbush (Moore and Stevens, 1984). Figure 3 Fourwing saltbush seed processed to remove the wings to facilitate flow through seeding equipment. Photo Derek Tilley. 4
Environmental Concerns
Concerns
Concerns
Fourwing saltbush is native, long-lived, and spreads primarily by seed distribution. It is not considered "weedy", but could slowly spread into adjoining vegetative communities under ideal climatic and environmental conditions. This species is well documented as having beneficial qualities and no negative impacts on wild or domestic animals.
Control
Fourwing saltbush can be successfully controlled by mowing, grubbing, or fire. The species is also susceptible to herbicidal control using herbicides with known activity on woody species. Please contact your local agricultural extension specialist or county weed specialist to learn what works best in your area and how to use it safely. Always read label and safety instructions for each control method. Trade names and control measures appear in this document only to provide specific information. USDA NRCS does not guarantee or warranty the products and control methods named, and other products may be equally effective.
Seeds and Plant Production
Plant Production
Plant Production
Establishing plants in a greenhouse and transplanting to the field will result in the most satisfactory stands for seed production. Plant spacing should be 6 to 8 feet within row and 8 to 10 feet between rows. Planting one male plant for every 5 female plants is recommended. Fourwing saltbush is wind pollinated and seed production stands should be designed with the majority of the male plants on the windward side of the field. Transplanting into weed barrier fabric can also improve plant establishment, seed production, weed control, and moisture conservation. Transplanting is recommended in the spring prior to summer heat. Full seed production is usually reached the third year following transplanting. Plantings can also be established with seed. A minimum of 15 to 20 Pure Live Seeds (PLS) per linear foot of drill row should be planted. Hand seeding in late fall or very early spring may also be an option. Plant 5 to 10 seeds in a close group at desired spacing. The plants should be thinned to the desired spacing and ratio of male to female plants when fruiting starts (about 3 years). Full seed production may be reached the fourth year following direct seeding. Fourwing saltbush requires an equivalent of 10 to 14 inches annual precipitation for seed production. Irrigation may only be needed for establishment and during drought years to ensure a seed crop. If irrigation is available, irrigate to promote vegetative growth. Make sure soil moisture is adequate at early flowering, during seed set and early maturation. Irrigate to field capacity prior to fall freeze-up. Expected seed yields may range from 200 to 400 pounds per acre. Fertilization is not generally recommended unless soil tests indicate severe nutrient deficiencies. Rabbits and rodents can damage stands and may destroy plants. Insects such as grasshoppers and Mormon crickets infrequently damage stands beyond recovery. Seed generally ripens in late August and September and can be harvested from mid-September through December.
Harvesting
seed is best accomplished for woody ecotypes by hand stripping or vacuuming the seed from the plant. Mechanized harvesting has been used on ‘Wytana’, but seed requires additional conditioning to properly dry and clean out excessive trash (leaves, stems, and other inert matter).Seed is grown from second year or older wood and cutting will remove the following years’ crop. Harvested seed is usually threshed (dewinged) by processing seed through a hammermill (1500 rpm) equipped with a ¼ inch screen and then running seed through a fanmill to the desired grade. Dewinging may hasten after-ripening of seed resulting in shorter viability of seed. Seed can be stored and remain viable for 6 to 10 years. The dewinging process greatly enhances the ability of the seed to flow through planting equipment. Removing the hull that surrounds the embryo can injure the seed resulting in reduced viability, seedling vigor, and stand establishment. One must be extremely careful when threshing to limit the amount of mechanical action on the seed to minimize damage while also removing empty seed. Figure 5 Four-wing saltbush, male plant left, female plant right. Photo Derek Tilley, USDA-NRCS 5 Fourwing saltbush seed requires about 10 month's after-ripening following harvest before accurate percent germination can be determined. Seeds per pound will vary by accession or ecotype. Seed weights conducted by the authors averaged 38,000 seeds per pound winged and 78,000 seeds per pound dewinged. Cultivars, Improved, and Selected Materials (and area of origin) Foundation and registered seed is available through the appropriate state Crop Improvement Association or commercial sources to grow certified seed. Common wildland collected seed is also available from commercial sources. 'Marana' fourwing saltbush was released in 1979 by the NRCS Plant Materials Center in Lockeford, California. It originated from plants near El Cajon, California and was selected for ease of establishment and drought resistance. It is best adapted to areas in the southwest including southern New Mexico, southern Arizona and southern to central California. ‘Rincon’ fourwing saltbush was selected by the Forest Service, Shrub Science Laboratory in Provo, Utah and cooperatively released with the NRCS Plant Materials Center, Meeker, Colorado in 1983. The original seed was collected at Rincon Blanco near Canjilon, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico at 7,800 feet elevation. Rincon is an erect, leafy form with early season green-up. It is best adapted to the southwest areas of central Utah, central Nevada, western Colorado, to central New Mexico and central Arizona. ‘Santa Rita’ fourwing saltbush was cooperatively released by the NRCS Plant Materials Center, Tucson, Arizona, ARS, and University of Arizona in 1987. It is best adapted to areas in the southwest including southern New Mexico, southern Arizona and southern to central California. ‘Wytana’ fourwing saltbush was released by the NRCS Plant Materials Center, Bridger, Montana in 1976. Wytana is a natural cross between fourwing saltbush and Gardner or Nuttall saltbush (Atriplex ×aptera). It is a short, herbaceous type that is best adapted to the Great Plains and mountain foothills of Idaho, Montana and Wyoming. Cultivars should be selected based on the local climate, resistance to local pests, and intended use. Consult with your local land grant university, local extension or local USDA NRCS office for recommendations on adapted cultivars for use in your area.
Literature Cited
BLM (U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Utah State Office). 2002. Sensitive plant species list for Utah. Salt Lake City, UT: Utah State Office. 3 p. [45787] BLM (U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management). 1999. Rockwell Wilderness Study Area, [Online]. In: Utah Wilderness Inventory. Available: http://w3.access.gpo.gov/blm/utah/pdf/nw10.pdf [2003, November 24]. [45786] Catlin, C.N. 1925. Composition of Arizona forages, with comparative data. Bull. 113. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona, Agricultural Experiment Station: 155-171. Fegler, R.S. and M.B. Moser. 1974. Seri Indian pharmacopoeia. Economic Botany. 28: 414-436. Howard, J. 2003. Atriplex canescens. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. USDA-Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences laboratory. Available: http:www.fs.fed.us/database;feis/ (accessed 28Aug2012). Kearney, T.H., Peebles, R.H., Howell, J.T and E. McClintock. 1960. Arizona flora. 2nd ed. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA. 1085p. McArthur, E.D. and S.B. Monsen. 2004. Chenopod Shrubs. In: S.B. Monsen, R. Stevens, and N.L. Shaw [compilers]. Restoring western ranges and wildlands. Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
General
Technical Report RMRS-GTR-136-vol-2, p, 467-491, Moore, T,B, and R, Stevens, 1984, Distribution and importance of the Atriplex case-bearing moth, Coleophora atriplicivora cockerel, on some chenopod shrubs, especially Atriplex canescens, In: Tiedemann, Arthur R,; McArthur, E, Durant; Stutz, Howard C,; [and others], compilers, Proceedings--symposium on the biology of Atriplex and related chenopods; 1983 May 2-6; Provo, UT, Gen, Tech, Rep, INT-172, Ogden, UT: U,S, Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 220-225, Mozingo, H, Use soil moisture sensors to measure the soil moisture of Fourwing Saltbush.,N, 1987, Shrubs of the Great Basin: A natural history, Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press, 342p, Ogle, D, and B, Brazee, 2009, Estimating initial stocking rates, Range Tec,l Note No, 3, USDA-NRCS, Boise, Idaho, 39p, Ogle, D, and L, St, John, 2008, Plants for saline to sodic soil conditions, Plant Materials Technical Note No, 9, USDA-NRCS, Boise, Idaho, 12p, Ogle, D,G,, St, John, L,, Stannard, M, and L, Holzworth, 2011, Conservation plant species for the Intermountain West, Plant Materials Technical Note No, 24, USDA-NRCS, Boise, Idaho, 57p, Otsyina, R,, McKell, C,M and G, Van Epps, 1982, Use of range shrubs to meet nutrient requirements of sheep grazing on crested wheatgrass during fall and early winter, Journal of Range Management, 35(6): 751-753, Peterson, J,L,, Ueckert, D,N,, Potter, R,L, and J,E, Huston, 1987, Ecotypic variation in selected fourwing saltbush populations in western Texas, Journal of Range Management, 40: 361-366 Powell, A,M, 1988, Trees and Shrubs of Trans-Pecos Texas including Big Bend and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks, Big Bend National Park, TX: Big Bend Natural History Association, 536p, Stutz, Howard C, 1984, Atriplex hybridization in western North America, In: Tiedemann, Arthur R,; McArthur, E, Durant; Stutz, Howard C,; [and others], compilers, Proceedings--symposium on the biology of Atriplex and related chenopods; 6 1983 May 2-6; Provo, UT, Gen, Tech, Rep, INT-172, Ogden, UT: U,S, Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 25-27, The Plant List, 2013, Version 1,1, Published on the Internet; http://www,theplantlist,org/ (accessed 07 Apr 2020), Welsh, S,L,, N,D, Atwood, S, Goodrich, and L,C, Higgins, 2003, A Utah Flora, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 912p, Citation Ogle, D,G,, St, John, L,, D, Tilley and Lair, K, 2020, Plant Guide for fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Aberdeen, ID Plant Materials Center, 83210-0296, Edited 05dec00jsp; 23sept02lsj; 20sept02dgo; 13feb03jsp; 14Mar05rln; 28Aug12djt; 28Aug12ls; 07Apr20 kdl For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District at http://www,nrcs,usda,gov/ and visit the PLANTS Web site at http://plants,usda,gov/ or the Plant Materials Program Web site: http://plant-materials,nrcs,usda,gov, PLANTS is not responsible for the content or availability of other Web sites, The U,S, Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination against its customers, employees, and applicants for employment on the bases of race, color, national origin, age, disability, sex, gender identity, religion, reprisal, and where applicable, political beliefs, marital status, familial or parental status, sexual orientation, or all or part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program, or protected genetic information in employment or in any program or activity conducted or funded by the Department, (Not all prohibited bases will apply to all programs and/or employment activities,) If you wish to file an employment complaint, you must contact your agency's EEO Counselor (PDF) within 45 days of the date of the alleged discriminatory act, event, or in the case of a personnel action, Additional information can be found online at http://www,ascr,usda,gov/complaint_filing_file,html, If you wish to file a Civil Rights program complaint of discrimination, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form (PDF), found online at http://www,ascr,usda,gov/complaint_filing_cust,html, or at any USDA office, or call (866) 632-9992 to request the form, You may also write a letter containing all of the information requested in the form, Send your completed complaint form or letter to us by mail at U,S, Department of Agriculture, Director, Office of Adjudication, 1400 Independence Avenue, S,W,, Washington, D,C, 20250-9410, by fax (202) 690-7442 or email at program,intake@usda,gov, Individuals who are deaf, hard of hearing or have speech disabilities and you wish to file either an EEO or program complaint please contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339 or (800) 845-6136 (in Spanish), Persons with disabilities who wish to file a program complaint, please see information above on how to contact us by mail directly or by email, If you require alternative means of communication for program information (e,g,, Braille, large print, audiotape, etc,) please contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD), For any other information dealing with Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) issues, persons should either contact the USDA SNAP Hotline Number at (800) 221-5689, which is also in Spanish or call the State Information/Hotline Numbers, For any other information not pertaining to civil rights, please refer to the listing of the USDA Agencies and Offices for specific agency information,
Plant Traits
Growth Requirements
| Fire Tolerance | High |
|---|---|
| Cold Stratification Required | No |
| Cold Stratification Required | No |
| Drought Tolerance | High |
| Drought Tolerance | High |
| Drought Tolerance | High |
| Drought Tolerance | High |
| Fertility Requirement | Low |
| Fertility Requirement | Low |
| Fertility Requirement | Low |
| Fertility Requirement | Medium |
| Fire Tolerance | High |
| Cold Stratification Required | No |
| Fire Tolerance | Low |
| Fire Tolerance | Low |
| Frost Free Days, Minimum | 115 |
| Frost Free Days, Minimum | 120 |
| Frost Free Days, Minimum | 185 |
| Frost Free Days, Minimum | 240 |
| Hedge Tolerance | High |
| Hedge Tolerance | High |
| Hedge Tolerance | Medium |
| Hedge Tolerance | Medium |
| Adapted to Medium Textured Soils | Yes |
| Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils | Yes |
| Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils | Yes |
| Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils | Yes |
| Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils | Yes |
| Adapted to Fine Textured Soils | Yes |
| Adapted to Fine Textured Soils | Yes |
| Adapted to Fine Textured Soils | Yes |
| Adapted to Fine Textured Soils | Yes |
| Adapted to Medium Textured Soils | Yes |
| Adapted to Medium Textured Soils | Yes |
| Temperature, Minimum (°F) | 7 |
| Adapted to Medium Textured Soils | Yes |
| Anaerobic Tolerance | None |
| Anaerobic Tolerance | None |
| Anaerobic Tolerance | None |
| Anaerobic Tolerance | None |
| CaCO3 Tolerance | High |
| CaCO3 Tolerance | High |
| CaCO3 Tolerance | High |
| CaCO3 Tolerance | High |
| Cold Stratification Required | No |
| Salinity Tolerance | High |
| Precipitation, Maximum | 18 |
| Precipitation, Maximum | 20 |
| Precipitation, Minimum | 5 |
| Precipitation, Minimum | 6 |
| Precipitation, Minimum | 7 |
| Precipitation, Minimum | 7 |
| Root Depth, Minimum (inches) | 20 |
| Root Depth, Minimum (inches) | 20 |
| Root Depth, Minimum (inches) | 20 |
| Root Depth, Minimum (inches) | 20 |
| Moisture Use | Low |
| Salinity Tolerance | High |
| Salinity Tolerance | High |
| Salinity Tolerance | High |
| Shade Tolerance | Intermediate |
| Shade Tolerance | Intermediate |
| Shade Tolerance | Intolerant |
| Shade Tolerance | Intolerant |
| Temperature, Minimum (°F) | -43 |
| Temperature, Minimum (°F) | -43 |
| Temperature, Minimum (°F) | -8 |
| Precipitation, Maximum | 18 |
| Moisture Use | Low |
| Moisture Use | Medium |
| Moisture Use | Medium |
| pH, Maximum | 9.0 |
| pH, Maximum | 9.0 |
| pH, Maximum | 9.0 |
| pH, Maximum | 9.5 |
| pH, Minimum | 6.0 |
| pH, Minimum | 6.5 |
| pH, Minimum | 6.6 |
| Planting Density per Acre, Maxim | 1700 |
| Precipitation, Maximum | 18 |
| Planting Density per Acre, Minim | 680 |
| Planting Density per Acre, Minim | 640 |
| Planting Density per Acre, Minim | 300 |
| Planting Density per Acre, Minim | 300 |
| Planting Density per Acre, Maxim | 2800 |
| Planting Density per Acre, Maxim | 2700 |
| Planting Density per Acre, Maxim | 1700 |
| pH, Minimum | 6.6 |
Morphology/Physiology
| Active Growth Period | Spring and Summer |
|---|---|
| Toxicity | Slight |
| Toxicity | None |
| Toxicity | None |
| Toxicity | None |
| Shape and Orientation | Semi-Erect |
| Shape and Orientation | Semi-Erect |
| Shape and Orientation | Erect |
| Foliage Porosity Summer | Dense |
| Flower Color | Yellow |
| Flower Color | Yellow |
| Flower Color | Yellow |
| Flower Color | Yellow |
| Flower Conspicuous | No |
| Flower Conspicuous | No |
| Flower Conspicuous | No |
| Flower Conspicuous | No |
| Foliage Color | Gray-Green |
| Foliage Color | Green |
| Foliage Color | Green |
| Foliage Color | White-Gray |
| Fire Resistant | No |
| Foliage Porosity Summer | Dense |
| Foliage Porosity Summer | Moderate |
| Foliage Porosity Summer | Moderate |
| Foliage Porosity Winter | Moderate |
| Foliage Porosity Winter | Moderate |
| Foliage Porosity Winter | Moderate |
| Foliage Porosity Winter | Porous |
| Foliage Texture | Coarse |
| Foliage Texture | Coarse |
| Foliage Texture | Coarse |
| Foliage Texture | Coarse |
| C:N Ratio | Medium |
| Shape and Orientation | Erect |
| Active Growth Period | Spring and Summer |
| Active Growth Period | Spring and Summer |
| Active Growth Period | Spring and Summer |
| Bloat | Low |
| Bloat | Low |
| Bloat | Low |
| Bloat | Low |
| C:N Ratio | High |
| C:N Ratio | Medium |
| C:N Ratio | Medium |
| Resprout Ability | Yes |
| Coppice Potential | No |
| Coppice Potential | No |
| Coppice Potential | No |
| Coppice Potential | No |
| Fall Conspicuous | No |
| Fall Conspicuous | No |
| Fall Conspicuous | No |
| Fall Conspicuous | No |
| Fire Resistant | No |
| Fire Resistant | No |
| Fire Resistant | No |
| Lifespan | Moderate |
| Known Allelopath | No |
| Known Allelopath | No |
| Known Allelopath | No |
| Known Allelopath | No |
| Leaf Retention | No |
| Leaf Retention | No |
| Leaf Retention | No |
| Leaf Retention | No |
| Lifespan | Long |
| Lifespan | Long |
| Lifespan | Moderate |
| Fruit/Seed Color | Brown |
| Low Growing Grass | No |
| Low Growing Grass | No |
| Low Growing Grass | No |
| Low Growing Grass | No |
| Nitrogen Fixation | None |
| Nitrogen Fixation | None |
| Nitrogen Fixation | None |
| Nitrogen Fixation | None |
| Resprout Ability | Yes |
| Resprout Ability | Yes |
| Resprout Ability | Yes |
| Height, Mature (feet) | 8.0 |
| Height, Mature (feet) | 9.0 |
| Fruit/Seed Color | Brown |
| Fruit/Seed Color | Green |
| Fruit/Seed Color | White |
| Fruit/Seed Conspicuous | Yes |
| Fruit/Seed Conspicuous | Yes |
| Fruit/Seed Conspicuous | Yes |
| Fruit/Seed Conspicuous | Yes |
| Growth Form | Multiple Stem |
| Growth Form | Multiple Stem |
| Growth Form | Multiple Stem |
| Growth Rate | Rapid |
| Growth Form | Multiple Stem |
| Height, Mature (feet) | 6.0 |
| Height, Mature (feet) | 4.0 |
| Height at 20 Years, Maximum (fee | 8 |
| Height at 20 Years, Maximum (fee | 6 |
| Height at 20 Years, Maximum (fee | 5 |
| Height at 20 Years, Maximum (fee | 4 |
| Growth Rate | Slow |
| Growth Rate | Slow |
| Growth Rate | Slow |
Reproduction
| Seed per Pound | 44203 |
|---|---|
| Propagated by Tubers | No |
| Propagated by Tubers | No |
| Propagated by Tubers | No |
| Propagated by Tubers | No |
| Propagated by Sprigs | No |
| Propagated by Sprigs | No |
| Propagated by Sprigs | No |
| Propagated by Sprigs | No |
| Propagated by Sod | No |
| Propagated by Sod | No |
| Propagated by Sod | No |
| Propagated by Sod | No |
| Propagated by Seed | Yes |
| Propagated by Seed | Yes |
| Propagated by Seed | Yes |
| Propagated by Seed | Yes |
| Propagated by Cuttings | Yes |
| Propagated by Cuttings | Yes |
| Propagated by Cuttings | Yes |
| Seedling Vigor | High |
| Vegetative Spread Rate | Slow |
| Vegetative Spread Rate | Slow |
| Vegetative Spread Rate | None |
| Vegetative Spread Rate | None |
| Small Grain | No |
| Small Grain | No |
| Small Grain | No |
| Small Grain | No |
| Seedling Vigor | High |
| Seed per Pound | 52000 |
| Seedling Vigor | High |
| Seedling Vigor | High |
| Seed Spread Rate | Slow |
| Seed Spread Rate | Slow |
| Seed Spread Rate | Slow |
| Seed Spread Rate | Slow |
| Seed per Pound | 60000 |
| Seed per Pound | 52000 |
| Fruit/Seed Period End | Summer |
| Fruit/Seed Abundance | Medium |
| Fruit/Seed Period End | Summer |
| Fruit/Seed Period End | Fall |
| Fruit/Seed Period End | Fall |
| Fruit/Seed Period Begin | Summer |
| Fruit/Seed Period Begin | Summer |
| Fruit/Seed Period Begin | Summer |
| Fruit/Seed Period Begin | Spring |
| Fruit/Seed Abundance | Medium |
| Fruit/Seed Abundance | Medium |
| Fruit/Seed Abundance | Medium |
| Propagated by Corm | No |
| Commercial Availability | Routinely Available |
| Commercial Availability | Routinely Available |
| Commercial Availability | Routinely Available |
| Commercial Availability | Routinely Available |
| Bloom Period | Late Summer |
| Bloom Period | Late Summer |
| Bloom Period | Late Spring |
| Bloom Period | Late Spring |
| Propagated by Cuttings | Yes |
| Fruit/Seed Persistence | Yes |
| Fruit/Seed Persistence | Yes |
| Propagated by Corm | No |
| Propagated by Corm | No |
| Propagated by Corm | No |
| Propagated by Container | Yes |
| Propagated by Container | Yes |
| Propagated by Container | Yes |
| Propagated by Container | Yes |
| Propagated by Bulb | No |
| Propagated by Bulb | No |
| Propagated by Bulb | No |
| Propagated by Bare Root | Yes |
| Propagated by Bare Root | Yes |
| Propagated by Bare Root | Yes |
| Propagated by Bare Root | Yes |
| Fruit/Seed Persistence | Yes |
| Fruit/Seed Persistence | Yes |
| Propagated by Bulb | No |
Suitability/Use
| Post Product | No |
|---|---|
| Post Product | No |
| Post Product | No |
| Palatable Human | No |
| Palatable Human | No |
| Palatable Human | No |
| Palatable Human | No |
| Palatable Graze Animal | Medium |
| Palatable Graze Animal | Medium |
| Palatable Graze Animal | Medium |
| Palatable Graze Animal | Medium |
| Palatable Browse Animal | High |
| Palatable Browse Animal | High |
| Post Product | No |
| Protein Potential | Medium |
| Protein Potential | Medium |
| Protein Potential | Medium |
| Protein Potential | Medium |
| Pulpwood Product | No |
| Pulpwood Product | No |
| Pulpwood Product | No |
| Pulpwood Product | No |
| Veneer Product | No |
| Veneer Product | No |
| Veneer Product | No |
| Veneer Product | No |
| Lumber Product | No |
| Berry/Nut/Seed Product | No |
| Berry/Nut/Seed Product | No |
| Berry/Nut/Seed Product | No |
| Berry/Nut/Seed Product | No |
| Christmas Tree Product | No |
| Christmas Tree Product | No |
| Christmas Tree Product | No |
| Christmas Tree Product | No |
| Fodder Product | No |
| Fodder Product | No |
| Fodder Product | No |
| Fodder Product | No |
| Palatable Browse Animal | High |
| Lumber Product | No |
| Lumber Product | No |
| Lumber Product | No |
| Naval Store Product | No |
| Naval Store Product | No |
| Naval Store Product | No |
| Naval Store Product | No |
| Nursery Stock Product | No |
| Nursery Stock Product | No |
| Nursery Stock Product | No |
| Nursery Stock Product | No |
| Palatable Browse Animal | High |
